{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:52:44Z","timestamp":1791211964071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) encompasses a heterogeneous and complex group of different subtypes within the wider group of hypereosinophilic disorders. Despite increasing research interest, several unmet needs in terms of disease identification, pathobiology, phenotyping, and personalized treatment remain to be addressed. Also, the prospective burden of non-malignant HES and, more in general, HE disorders is currently unknown. On a practical note, shortening the diagnostic delay and the time to an appropriate treatment approach probably represents the most urgent issue, even in light of the great impact of HES on the quality of life of affected patients. The present document represents the first action that the Italian Society of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC) has finalized within a wider project aiming to establish a collaborative national network on HES (InHES\u2014Italian Network on HES) for patients and physicians. The first step of the project could not but focus on defining a common language as well as sharing with all of the medical community an update on the most recent advances in the field. In fact, the existing literature has been carefully reviewed in order to critically integrate the different views on the topic and derive practical recommendations on disease identification and treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13141180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T11:30:55Z","timestamp":1720697455000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Managing Patients with Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A Statement from the Italian Society of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Caminati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, Center for Hypereosinophilic Dysimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Brussino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSDDU Immunologia Clinica ed Allergologia, AO Mauriziano, 10128 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Carlucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Directorate, Verona Integrated University Hospital, 35134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palma","family":"Carlucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Federica","family":"Carpagnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergologia dell\u2019Istituto di Clinica Medica del Policlinico Gemelli, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica di Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UOSD DH Internal Medicine and Digestive Disease, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cosmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5432-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"D\u2019Amore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, UOC Medicina Interna \u201cGuido Baccelli\u201d, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Del Giacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3692-1384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Detoraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Complexity University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9224-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Di Gioacchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, 66100 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Matucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mormile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francescopaolo","family":"Granata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Hematology Area, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7280-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Krampera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Hematology Area, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Maule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, Center for Hypereosinophilic Dysimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eustachio","family":"Nettis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSDDU Immunologia Clinica ed Allergologia, AO Mauriziano, 10128 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Noviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, UOC Medicina Interna \u201cGuido Baccelli\u201d, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2563-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Papayannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Istituto Di Ematologia \u201cSer\u00e0gnoli\u201d, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Parronchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Immunology and Cell therapies Unit, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Girolamo","family":"Pelaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erminia","family":"Ridolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Wanda","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4172-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianenrico","family":"Senna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, Center for Hypereosinophilic Dysimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Triggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, UOC Medicina Interna \u201cGuido Baccelli\u201d, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Vivarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vultaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amato","family":"de Paulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.019","article-title":"Contemporary consensus proposal on criteria and classification of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes","volume":"130","author":"Valent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032756","article-title":"Contributions of Eosinophils to Human Health and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Klion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00665","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.665","article-title":"Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome in remission with benralizumab treatment after relapse with mepolizumab","volume":"8","author":"Fujii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mormile, M., Mormile, I., Fuschillo, S., Rossi, F.W., Lamagna, L., Ambrosino, P., de Paulis, A., and Maniscalco, M. (2023). Eosinophilic Airway Diseases: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087254"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26352","article-title":"World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"97","author":"Shomali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15544","article-title":"Proposed refined diagnostic criteria and classification of eosinophil disorders and related syndromes","volume":"78","author":"Valent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27287","article-title":"World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification of eosinophilic disorders: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"99","author":"Shomali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn, J.E., Groh, M., and Lefevre, G. (2017). (A Critical Appraisal of) Classification of Hypereosinophilic Disorders. Front. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00216"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.02.013","article-title":"HES and EGPA: Two Sides of the Same Coin","volume":"98","author":"Khoury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197501000-00001","article-title":"The hypereosinophilic syndrome: Analysis of fourteen cases with review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Chusid","year":"1975","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01613-1","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Myeloid and Histiocytic\/Dendritic Neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Khoury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100809","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndromes\u2014An enigmatic group of disorders with an intriguing clinical spectrum and challenging treatment","volume":"49","author":"Helbig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Aiuto, V., Mormile, I., Granata, F., Romano, A., Della Casa, F., D\u2019Onofrio, C., Marzio, V., Mignogna, G., Califano, L., and de Paulis, A. (2024). Eosinophilic Patterns in Patients with Seasonal Allergy Affected by Bronchial Asthma and Rhinitis\/Rhinosinusitis: Efficacy of Benralizumab in Patients with the Persistent Pattern. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030754"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maniscalco, M., Fuschillo, S., Mormile, I., Detoraki, A., Sarnelli, G., Paulis, A., Spadaro, G., Cantone, E., and Path-2 Task, F. (2023). Exhaled Nitric Oxide as Biomarker of Type 2 Diseases. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12212518"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24880","article-title":"World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"92","author":"Gotlib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.06.037","article-title":"Marked and persistent eosinophilia in the absence of clinical manifestations","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomsen, G.N., Christoffersen, M.N., Lindegaard, H.M., Davidsen, J.R., Hartmeyer, G.N., Assing, K., Mortz, C.G., Martin-Iguacel, R., Moller, M.B., and Kjeldsen, A.D. (2023). The multidisciplinary approach to eosinophilia. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1193730"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-022-03402-8","article-title":"Updates on eosinophilic disorders","volume":"482","author":"Tzankov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-019-0277-4","article-title":"Eosinophilic disorders: Evaluation of current classification and diagnostic criteria, proposal of a practical diagnostic algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Leru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e31827f4192","article-title":"ICON: Eosinophil Disorders","volume":"5","author":"Valent","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200701000-00008","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"14","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.02.010","article-title":"Eosinophilic disorders","volume":"119","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.042","article-title":"Approaches to the treatment of hypereosinophilic syndromes: A workshop summary report","volume":"117","author":"Klion","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015850","article-title":"International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: Integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data","volume":"140","author":"Arber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2022000367","article-title":"Approach to the patient with suspected hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"2022","author":"Klion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.08.005","article-title":"Approach to Patients with Eosinophilia","volume":"104","author":"Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa244","article-title":"Eosinophilia\/Hypereosinophilia in the Setting of Reactive and Idiopathic Causes, Well-Defined Myeloid or Lymphoid Leukemias, or Germline Disorders","volume":"155","author":"Kelemen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.05.003","article-title":"Eosinophilia in Infectious Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Nutman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"84","article-title":"Intestinal eosinophilic: Anisakiasis","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Cases"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2020.1822627","article-title":"IgE-mediated gastroallergic anisakiasis with eosinophilic oesophagitis: A case report","volume":"77","author":"Decruyenaere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2017.01.027","article-title":"An Italian case of intestinal anisakiasis with a presurgical diagnosis: Could this parasite represent an emerging disease?","volume":"213","author":"Zanelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17001158","article-title":"Increased number of eosinophils in ascites is associated with intestinal anisakidosis","volume":"93","author":"Okumura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2005.00643.x","article-title":"Pulmonary anisakiasis presenting as eosinophilic pleural effusion","volume":"10","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0480","article-title":"Spanish Guidelines for Diagnosis, Management, Treatment, and Prevention of DRESS Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Cabanas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2022.100673","article-title":"DRESS syndrome: A literature review and treatment algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Calle","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13096","article-title":"Eosinophilic drug reactions detected by a prospective pharmacovigilance programme in a tertiary hospital","volume":"83","author":"Ramirez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"000535190","article-title":"Daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia: A case report and systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Rindi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9688","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009688","article-title":"Drug-induced eosinophilic pneumonia: A review of 196 case reports","volume":"97","author":"Bartal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0196","article-title":"Eosinophils and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-695973","article-title":"Myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia","volume":"129","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26828","article-title":"Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic\/myeloproliferative neoplasm, not otherwise specified: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"98","author":"Patnaik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26512","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26512","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic significance of eosinophilia and inv(16)\/t(16;16) in pediatric acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4)","volume":"64","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100406","article-title":"Aleukemic Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Without Neutrophilia and Thrombocytosis: A Report From the BCR::ABL1 Pathology Group","volume":"37","author":"Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.06.009","article-title":"Hematologic Malignancies Identified in Patients with Hypereosinophilia and Hypereosinophilic Syndromes","volume":"3","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1984.2.7.788","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: A clinicopathologic study of 42 cases","volume":"2","author":"Greer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2019.151412","article-title":"Prevalence and spectrum of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with Hypereosinophilia: A reference laboratory experience","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.01.030","article-title":"CD3\u2212CD4+ Lymphocytic Variant Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: Diagnostic Tools Revisited","volume":"9","author":"Carpentier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.3.247","article-title":"Selective peripheral blood eosinophilia associated with survival advantage in Hodgkin\u2019s disease (BNLI Report No 31). British National Lymphoma Investigation","volume":"40","author":"Linch","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190400005288","article-title":"Imatinib-responsive hypereosinophilia in a patient with B cell ALL","volume":"45","author":"Robyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-12-754812","article-title":"Peripheral eosinophilia as the first manifestation of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(5;14)(q31;q32)","volume":"130","author":"Toboso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.03.015","article-title":"Eosinophilia in systemic mastocytosis: Clinical and molecular correlates and prognostic significance","volume":"120","author":"Bohm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0632-4","article-title":"Prognostic impact of eosinophils in mastocytosis: Analysis of 2350 patients collected in the ECNM Registry","volume":"34","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.11.002","article-title":"Eosinophilia in cancer and its regulation by sex hormones","volume":"34","author":"Artham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025217","article-title":"A tyrosine kinase created by fusion of the PDGFRA and FIP1L1 genes as a therapeutic target of imatinib in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Cools","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-024828","article-title":"Durable responses to imatinib in patients with PDGFRB fusion gene-positive and BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders","volume":"109","author":"David","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.168","article-title":"ETV6-FLT3 fusion gene-positive, eosinophilia-associated myeloproliferative neoplasm successfully treated with sorafenib and allogeneic stem cell transplant","volume":"28","author":"Falchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0932698100","article-title":"Discovery of a fusion kinase in EOL-1 cells and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25945","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical picture and long-term outcomes of FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive myeloid neoplasm with eosinophilia: Data from 151 patients","volume":"95","author":"Rohmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3103","article-title":"Imatinib therapy for hypereosinophilic syndrome and other eosinophilic disorders","volume":"101","author":"Pardanani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"817","article-title":"A combination of cytomorphology, cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for establishing clonality in cases of persisting hypereosinophilia","volume":"91","author":"Bacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14097","article-title":"Systematic use of fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and clinicopathological features in the screening of PDGFRB rearrangements of patients with myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"76","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2020.08.004","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis using chromosomal microarray, fluorescence in situ hybridization and mate pair analyses: Characterization of a cryptic t(9;22)(p24.1;q11.2)\/BCR-JAK2 in myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia","volume":"246\u2013247","author":"Snider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.75","article-title":"Targeted next-generation sequencing identifies a subset of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with features similar to chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Seo, H., Im, K., Park, S.N., Kim, S.M., Lee, E.K., Kim, J.A., Lee, J.H., Kwon, S., and Kim, M. (2017). Idiopathic hypereosinophilia is clonal disorder? Clonality identified by targeted sequencing. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185602"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.73","article-title":"Predictors of survival in WHO-defined hypereosinophilic syndrome and idiopathic hypereosinophilia and the role of next-generation sequencing","volume":"30","author":"Pardanani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.108982","article-title":"What we have learned about lymphocytic variant hypereosinophilic syndrome: A systematic literature review","volume":"237","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15021","article-title":"Myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase fusion genes: A workshop report with focus on novel entities and a literature review including paediatric cases","volume":"83","author":"Saft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.04.002","article-title":"Spectrum of Eosinophilic End-Organ Manifestations","volume":"35","author":"Akuthota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.03.034","article-title":"Clinical Profile and Treatment in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Variants: A Pragmatic Review","volume":"10","author":"Requena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.022","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome: A multicenter, retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and response to therapy","volume":"124","author":"Ogbogu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.09.011","article-title":"Lung involvement in hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"105","author":"Dulohery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317202","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome: Considerations for the cardiologist","volume":"108","author":"Bondue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.221","article-title":"Eosinophilic gastritis: Histopathological characterization and quantification of the normal gastric eosinophil content","volume":"24","author":"Lwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/jon199773192","article-title":"Fluctuating MRI findings in a patient with central nervous system idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Doherty","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00025-12","article-title":"Eosinophilic pneumonias","volume":"25","author":"Akuthota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819cc502","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Janz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01225.x","article-title":"Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators","volume":"61","author":"Claeys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.2014555","article-title":"Clinical analysis of hypereosinophilic syndrome first presenting with asthma-like symptoms","volume":"54","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200307000-00002","article-title":"Eosinophilic pleural effusions","volume":"9","author":"Kalomenidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-551614","article-title":"How I treat hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"126","author":"Klion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8506-7","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic Syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Curtis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Azzawi, H.M.A., Paolini, R., Cirillo, N., O\u2019Reilly, L.A., Mormile, I., Moore, C., Yap, T., and Celentano, A. (2024). Eosinophils in Oral Disease: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084373"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00520-4","article-title":"Eosinophilic Dermatoses: Recognition and Management","volume":"21","author":"Marzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000088","article-title":"The lymphoid variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome: Study of 21 patients with CD3-CD4+ aberrant T-cell phenotype","volume":"93","author":"Lefevre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031261","article-title":"Use of an anti-interleukin-5 antibody in the hypereosinophilic syndrome with eosinophilic dermatitis","volume":"349","author":"Plotz","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910073411503","article-title":"Abnormal clones of T cells producing interleukin-5 in idiopathic eosinophilia","volume":"341","author":"Simon","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00868-7","article-title":"Eosinophils in skin diseases","volume":"43","author":"Bruggen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mormile, I., Petraroli, A., Loffredo, S., Rossi, F.W., Mormile, M., Del Mastro, A., Spadaro, G., de Paulis, A., and Bova, M. (2021). Episodic Angioedema with Hypereosinophilia (Gleich\u2019s Syndrome): A Case Report and Extensive Review of the Literature. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071442"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"401","article-title":"Cyclical hypereosinophilia with skin manifestations and a clonal T cell population","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00450.x","article-title":"Case of hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis","volume":"35","author":"Hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-472720","article-title":"Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection: A novel cause of lymphocytic variant hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"121","author":"Klion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2019.05.026","article-title":"Lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as chronic dermatitis and responding to mycophenolic acid","volume":"5","author":"Dou","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2007.07.009","article-title":"Dermatologic manifestations of the hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"27","author":"Leiferman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.03.017","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome\u2014Lymphocytic variant transforming into peripheral T-cell lymphoma with severe oral manifestations","volume":"116","author":"Parrens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14888","article-title":"Pemphigus-like hypereosinophilic syndrome with FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene: A challenging and uncommon clinical presentation","volume":"46","author":"Segura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14410","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological features of hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous involvement: The Mayo Clinic Experience","volume":"50","author":"Zayas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.06.002","article-title":"Eosinophil-Related Disease and the Skin","volume":"6","author":"Leiferman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000803","article-title":"An Approach to Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Presenting With Cutaneous Features","volume":"33","author":"Fourzali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21782","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of lymphoid-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"187","author":"Laurent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.04.025","article-title":"Single-Organ and Multisystem Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Patients with Gastrointestinal Manifestations Share Common Characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.02.017","article-title":"International Consensus Recommendations for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Nomenclature","volume":"20","author":"Dellon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massironi, S., Mulinacci, G., Gallo, C., Elvevi, A., Danese, S., Invernizzi, P., and Vespa, E. (2023). Mechanistic Insights into Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Therapies Targeting Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12202473"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.001","article-title":"Toward personalization of asthma treatment according to trigger factors","volume":"145","author":"Niespodziana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.547","article-title":"Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"42","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.065","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"154","author":"Aceves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848221074204","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221074204","article-title":"EoE CONNECT, the European Registry of Clinical, Environmental, and Genetic Determinants in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Rationale, design, and study protocol of a large-scale epidemiological study in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Lucendo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doac043","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doac043","article-title":"Association of eosinophilic esophagitis with autoimmune and connective tissue disorders, and the impact on treatment response","volume":"36","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13070","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies against epithelial cell adhesion molecules as disease biomarkers of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"48","author":"Dellon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S173130","article-title":"Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: Diagnosis and clinical perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Sunkara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2007.07.007","article-title":"Clinical overview of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"27","author":"Sheikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220004","article-title":"Eosinophilic Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Abdominal Viscera: Imaging Findings and Diagnosis","volume":"42","author":"Yalon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1754-3","article-title":"Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID) with peripheral eosinophilia: A retrospective review at Mayo Clinic","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.05.036","article-title":"Elimination Diet or Swallowed Topical Steroid Treatment of Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Five-Year Outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Nistel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2007.07.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"27","author":"Ogbogu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-010-0144-8","article-title":"Cardiac manifestation of the hypereosinophilic syndrome: New insights","volume":"99","author":"Kleinfeldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00841-9","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic features of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"86","author":"Ommen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.055","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Plastiras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2393","article-title":"Serum concentration of cardiac Troponin T in patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome treated with imatinib is predictive of adverse outcomes","volume":"102","author":"Pitini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.350","article-title":"Measurement of serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T in patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome: A sensitive non-invasive marker of cardiac disorder","volume":"39","author":"Sato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355514564176","article-title":"Multiple venous aneurysms in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Malskat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2000.03726.x","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon complicated by digital gangrene","volume":"143","author":"Jang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.10.023","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement of hypereosinophilic syndrome: A report of 10 cases and a literature review","volume":"347","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"100915","article-title":"Literature reviews of stroke with hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Ono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242619","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242619","article-title":"Hypereosinophilia: A rare cause of stroke and multiorgan dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Barbind","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1357835","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome with central nervous system involvement: Two case reports and literature review","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2022.05.019","article-title":"The hypereosinophilic syndrome\u2014An unusual cause of myocarditis and cardioembolic strokes","volume":"364","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-3-448_2","article-title":"Neurologic dysfunction in the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Yebra","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10037","article-title":"Transient demyelinating neurologic lesions in a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Grau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNO.0000165318.67686.08","article-title":"Recurrent optic neuritis as the presenting manifestation of primary hypereosinophilic syndrome: A report of two cases","volume":"25","author":"Lincoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000117118","article-title":"Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with a radiologic pattern of central pontine myelinolysis","volume":"35","author":"Menage","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7720-9","article-title":"Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: A new cause of vasculitis of the central nervous system","volume":"262","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.8.1140","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Wichman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.36","article-title":"Cerebral arteriolar thromboembolism in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.05.033","article-title":"Middle cerebral artery occlusion resulting from hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccase.2020.10.015","article-title":"Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with intracardiac atypical linear-shaped and floating thrombus presenting as embolic cerebral infarction","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiol. Cases"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1991000400015","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in hypereosinophilic syndrome with vasculitis","volume":"49","author":"Nascimento","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06134-4","article-title":"Imaging patterns of cerebral ischemia in hypereosinophilic syndrome: Case report and systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Miethe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102871","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome with central nervous system involvement treated with anti-IL-5 therapy","volume":"51","author":"Jonakowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02696-4","article-title":"French guidelines for the etiological workup of eosinophilia and the management of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"18","author":"Groh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.06.006","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Subtype Predicts Responsiveness to Glucocorticoids","volume":"6","author":"Khoury","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.02.022","article-title":"Hypereosinophilic syndrome in Europe: Retrospective study of treatment patterns, clinical manifestations, and healthcare resource utilization","volume":"130","author":"Hwee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.731602","article-title":"Diversity of clinical manifestations and response to corticosteroids for idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: Retrospective study in 33 patients","volume":"54","author":"Helbig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3067-x","article-title":"Imatinib in myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRB in chronic or blast phase","volume":"96","author":"Jawhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Gutierrez, V., and Hernandez-Boluda, J.C. (2019). Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Available for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Efficacy and Safety. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00603"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-148103","article-title":"phase 2 study of pemigatinib (FIGHT-203; INCB054828) in patients with myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasms (MLNs) with fibroblast 1218 growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) rearrangement (MLN FGFR1)","volume":"138","author":"Gotlib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-343426","article-title":"Response of ETV6-FLT3-positive myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasm with eosinophilia to inhibitors of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3","volume":"118","author":"Walz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2020.1854493","article-title":"Myeloid\/lymphoid neoplasm with CEP110-FGFR1 fusion: An analysis of 16 cases show common features and poor prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25825","article-title":"Response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in myeloid neoplasms associated with PCM1-JAK2, BCR-JAK2 and ETV6-ABL1 fusion genes","volume":"95","author":"Schwaab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13509","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"49","author":"Stokes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.037","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mepolizumab in hypereosinophilic syndrome: A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"146","author":"Roufosse","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"U. S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) (2024, March 21). NUCALA (Mepolizumab) for Injection, for Subcutaneous Use, Available online: https:\/\/www.acessdata.fda.gov."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2024, March 21). Nucala (Mepolizumab): Summary of Product Characteristics. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.10.049","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"113","author":"Garrett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070812","article-title":"Treatment of patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome with mepolizumab","volume":"358","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.033","article-title":"Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy reduces eosinophil activation ex vivo and increases IL-5 and IL-5 receptor levels","volume":"121","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.04.037","article-title":"Mepolizumab Reduces Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Flares Irrespective of Blood Eosinophil Count and Interleukin-5","volume":"10","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.04.033","article-title":"Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of High-Dose Mepolizumab Treatment for Hypereosinophilic Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Kuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02918-9","article-title":"Low-dose anti-IL 5 treatment in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: Towards a precision medicine approach for remission maintenance","volume":"18","author":"Caminati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3620","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the monoclonal anti-interleukin-5 antibody SCH55700 in the treatment of patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Klion","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"215","article-title":"Korean Adolescent Patient with Manifestations of Lymphocyte Variant Hypereosinophilic Syndrome and Episodic Angioedema with Eosinophilia, Treated with Reslizumab","volume":"21","author":"Jue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13926_g","article-title":"Effective treatment of a lymphocytic variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome with reslizumab","volume":"17","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812185","article-title":"Benralizumab for PDGFRA-Negative Hypereosinophilic Syndrome","volume":"380","author":"Kuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00946-9","article-title":"Benralizumab in Severe and Refractory PDGFRA-Negative Hypereosinophilic Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Regateiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.108259","article-title":"Severe hypereosinophilic syndrome successfully treated with a monoclonal antibody against interleukin 5 receptor \u03b1-benralizumab","volume":"46","author":"Milewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"Caminati, M.C.L.F., Alberti, C., Amaddeo, F., Bixio, R., Caldart, F., De FRanceschini, L., Del Giglio, M., Festi, G., Friso, S., and Frulloni, L. (World Allergy Organ. J., 2024). Multidisciplinary Group on rare dysimmune conditions with hyper-Eosinophilia (GEos), World Allergy Organ. J., in press."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/14\/1180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:13:18Z","timestamp":1760109198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/14\/1180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13141180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13141180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]}}}