{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1790444826860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","award":["2021-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-010"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2022R1C1C2009211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1C1C2009211"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","award":["RS-2023-00219399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00219399"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2023R1A2C1007712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023R1A2C1007712"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2021-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-010"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2022R1C1C2009211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1C1C2009211"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2023-00219399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00219399"]}]},{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2023R1A2C1007712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023R1A2C1007712"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease (DED) is caused by inflammation and damage to the corneal surface due to tear film instability and hyperosmolarity. Various eye drops are used to treat this condition. Each eye drop has different properties and mechanisms of action, so the appropriate drug should be used according to clinical phenotypes. This study aims to compare the therapeutic mechanisms of cyclosporine A (CsA) and diquafosol tetrasodium (DQS). An experimental in vivo\/in vitro model of DED using hyperosmolarity showed decreased cell viability, inhibited wound healing, and corneal damage compared to controls. Treatment with cyclosporine or diquafosol restored cell viability and wound healing and reduced corneal damage by hyperosmolarity. The expression of the inflammation-related genes il-1\u03b2, il-1\u03b1, and il-6 was reduced by cyclosporine and diquafosol, and the expression of Tnf-\u03b1, c1q, and il-17a was reduced by cyclosporine. Increased apoptosis in the DED model was confirmed by increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression, but treatment with cyclosporine or diquafosol resulted in decreased apoptosis. Diquafosol increased NGF expression and translocation into the extracellular space. DED has different damage patterns depending on the progression of the lesion. Thus, depending on the type of lesion, eye drops should be selected according to the therapeutic target, focusing on repairing cellular damage when cellular repair is needed or reducing inflammation when inflammation is high and cellular damage is severe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13151251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T11:43:44Z","timestamp":1721907824000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diquafosol Improves Corneal Wound Healing by Inducing NGF Expression in an Experimental Dry Eye Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5501-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0952-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyemin","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2279-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woong-Sun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mee-Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9ka Dorottya","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsub","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si 15355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5151-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Pil","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4143-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DES7","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23475","article-title":"Definition and Diagnostic Criteria of Dry Eye Disease: Historical Overview and Future Directions","volume":"59","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. 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