{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:01:26Z","timestamp":1790352086443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, India","award":["DST-SERB-SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST-SERB-SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (A)"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, India","award":["SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (B)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (B)"]}]},{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India","award":["DST-SERB-SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST-SERB-SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (A)"]}]},{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India","award":["SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (B)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB\/SO\/HS-015\/2014 (B)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a significant health burden worldwide, affects lower extremities due to atherosclerosis in peripheral vessels. Although the mechanisms of PAD have been well studied, the molecular milieu of the plaques localized within peripheral arteries are not well understood. Thus, to identify PAD-lesion-specific gene expression profiles precluding genetic, environmental, and dietary biases, we studied the transcriptomic profile of nine plaque tissues normalized to non-plaque tissues from the same donors. A total of 296 upregulated genes, 274 downregulated genes, and 186 non-coding RNAs were identified. STAG1, SPCC3, FOXQ1, and E2F3 were key downregulated genes, and CD93 was the top upregulated gene. Autophagosome assembly, cellular response to UV, cytoskeletal organization, TCR signaling, and phosphatase activity were the key dysregulated pathways identified. Telomerase regulation and autophagy were identified as novel interacting pathways using network analysis. The plaque tissue was predominantly composed of immune cells and dedifferentiated cell populations indicated by cell-specific marker-imputed gene expression analysis. This study identifies novel genes, non-coding RNAs, associated regulatory pathways, and the cell composition of the plaque tissue in PAD patients. The autophagy and immunoregulatory genes may drive novel mechanisms, resulting in atheroma. These novel interacting networks and genes have potential for PAD-specific therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13151269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T07:54:03Z","timestamp":1722239643000},"page":"1269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Paired Transcriptomic Analyses of Atheromatous and Control Vessels Reveal Novel Autophagy and Immunoregulatory Genes in Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Praveen","family":"Machiraju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramaraj","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbie","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Heymans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupak","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6570-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkasubhra","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535","article-title":"Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease and Polyvascular Disease","volume":"128","author":"Aday","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. 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