{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:14:45Z","timestamp":1784949285511,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advancements in asthma management include non-invasive methodologies such as sputum analysis, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). These techniques offer a means to assess airway inflammation, a critical feature of asthma, without invasive procedures. Sputum analysis provides detailed insights into airway inflammation patterns and cellular composition, guiding personalized treatment strategies. EBC collection, reflecting bronchoalveolar lining fluid composition, provides a non-invasive window into airway physiology. FeNO emerges as a pivotal biomarker, offering insights into eosinophilic airway inflammation and aiding in asthma diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the prediction of exacerbation risks. Despite inherent limitations, each method offers valuable tools for a more comprehensive assessment of asthma. Combining these techniques with traditional methods like spirometry may lead to more personalized treatment plans and improved patient outcomes. Future research is crucial to refine protocols, validate biomarkers, and establish comprehensive guidelines in order to enhance asthma management with tailored therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13161355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T10:28:41Z","timestamp":1723631321000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Breath and Sputum Analyses in Asthmatic Patients: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Piera","family":"Soccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Maria Irene","family":"Quarato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Tondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donato","family":"Lacedonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anela","family":"Hoxhallari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Foschino Barbaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2667-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Scioscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) (2024, June 21). 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