{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:49:02Z","timestamp":1790887742307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NINDS","award":["R01NS113969-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS113969-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NINDS","award":["1RF1NS125578-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RF1NS125578-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NINDS","award":["FISPI16\/00737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FISPI16\/00737"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NINDS\/NIA","award":["R01NS113969-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS113969-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NINDS\/NIA","award":["1RF1NS125578-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RF1NS125578-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NINDS\/NIA","award":["FISPI16\/00737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FISPI16\/00737"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["R01NS113969-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS113969-01"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["1RF1NS125578-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RF1NS125578-01"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["FISPI16\/00737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FISPI16\/00737"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is caused by abnormal blood vessel dilation and subsequent rupture, resulting in blood pooling in the subarachnoid space. This neurological insult results in the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 cytokines leading to morbidity and mortality. Moreover, increases in inflammasome proteins are associated with clinical deterioration in many neurological diseases. Limited studies have investigated inflammasome protein expression following aSAH. Reliable markers of the inflammatory response associated with aSAH may allow for earlier detection of patients at risk for complications and aid in the identification of novel pharmacologic targets. Here, we investigated whether inflammasome signaling proteins may serve as potential biomarkers of the inflammatory response in aSAH. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from fifteen aSAH subjects and healthy age-matched controls and hydrocephalus (CSF) no-aneurysm controls were evaluated for levels of inflammasome signaling proteins and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines. Protein measurements were carried out using Simple Plex and Single-Molecule Array (Simoa) technology. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) to obtain information on biomarker reliability, specificity, sensitivity, cut-off points, and likelihood ratio. In addition, a Spearman r correlation matrix was performed to determine the correlation between inflammasome protein levels and clinical outcome measures. aSAH subjects demonstrated elevated caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein with a caspase recruiting domain (ASC), IL-18 and IL-1\u03b2 levels in serum, and CSF when compared to controls. Each of these proteins was found to be a promising biomarker of inflammation in aSAH in the CSF. In addition, ASC, caspase-1, and IL-1\u03b2 were found to be promising biomarkers of inflammation in aSAH in serum. Furthermore, we found that elevated levels of inflammasome proteins in serum are useful to predict worse functional outcomes following aSAH. Thus, the determination of inflammasome protein levels in CSF and serum in aSAH may be utilized as reliable biomarkers of inflammation in aSAH and used clinically to monitor patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13161370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T03:43:28Z","timestamp":1724039008000},"page":"1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Inflammasome Proteins Are Reliable Biomarkers of the Inflammatory Response in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruby R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesmes","family":"Moratinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Dalton","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Perez-Barcena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-8834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"de Rivero Vaccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000130","article-title":"Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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