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Considering the diverse environmental conditions throughout the course of the small intestine, multiple subtypes of PCs are expected to exist. We applied single-cell RNA-sequencing of PCs combined with deep bulk RNA-sequencing on PC populations of different small intestinal locations and discovered several expression-based PC clusters. Some of these are discrete and resemble tuft cell-like PCs, goblet cell (GC)-like PCs, PCs expressing stem cell markers, and atypical PCs. Other clusters are less discrete but appear to be derived from different locations along the intestinal tract and have environment-dictated functions such as food digestion and antimicrobial peptide production. A comprehensive spatial analysis using Resolve Bioscience was conducted, leading to the identification of different PC\u2019s transcriptomic identities along the different compartments of the intestine, but not between PCs in the crypts themselves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T09:26:51Z","timestamp":1724750811000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identification and Characterization of Multiple Paneth Cell Types in the Mouse Small Intestine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5152-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Timmermans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wallaeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Garcia-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotte","family":"Pollaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"Saeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Libert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080758","article-title":"Wnt signaling, Lgr5, and stem cells in the intestine and skin","volume":"174","author":"Haegebarth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. 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