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However, CBD passes through the placenta, affecting fetal development and impacting offspring behavior. We investigated how prenatal CBD exposure affects the insular cortex (IC), a brain region involved in emotional processing and linked to psychiatric disorders. The IC is divided into two territories: the anterior IC (aIC), processing socioemotional signals, and the posterior IC (pIC), specializing in interoception and pain perception. Pyramidal neurons in the aIC and pIC exhibit sex-specific electrophysiological properties, including variations in excitability and the excitatory\/inhibitory balance. We investigated IC\u2019s cellular properties and synaptic strength in the offspring of both sexes from mice exposed to low-dose CBD during gestation (E5\u2013E18; 3 mg\/kg, s.c.). Prenatal CBD exposure induced sex-specific and territory-specific changes in the active and passive membrane properties, as well as intrinsic excitability and the excitatory\/inhibitory balance, in the IC of adult offspring. The data indicate that in utero CBD exposure disrupts IC neuronal development, leading to a loss of functional distinction between IC territories. These findings may have significant implications for understanding the effects of CBD on emotional behaviors in offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T08:46:22Z","timestamp":1725439582000},"page":"1486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gestational CBD Shapes Insular Cortex in Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1917-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Iezzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13273 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9279-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"C\u00e1ceres-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13273 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pereira-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13273 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3038-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascale","family":"Chavis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13273 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5579-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier Jacques Jos\u00e9","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, 13273 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01550-y","article-title":"The prevalence of cannabis use reported among pregnant individuals in the United States is increasing, 2002\u20132020","volume":"43","author":"Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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