{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:59:35Z","timestamp":1789124375898,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite tremendous developments in the field of laboratory testing in transplantation, the rules of eligibility for corneal transplantation still do not include typing of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) in the donor and recipient or detection of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) in the patient. The standard use of diagnostic algorithms is due to the cornea belonging to immunologically privileged tissues, which usually determines the success of transplantation of this tissue. A medical problem is posed by patients at high risk of transplant rejection, in whom the immune privilege of the eye is abolished and the risk of transplant failure increases. Critical to the success of transplantation in patients at high risk of corneal rejection may be the selection of an HLA-matched donor and recipient, and the detection of existing and\/or de novo emerging DSAs in the patient. Incorporating the assessment of these parameters into routine diagnostics may contribute to establishing immune risk stratification for transplant rejection and effective personalized therapy for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T03:03:37Z","timestamp":1726196617000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunopathology of Corneal Allograft Rejection and Donor-Specific Antibodies (DSAs) as Immunological Predictors of Corneal Transplant Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Olejkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Gorczyca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"R\u0119kas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Garley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2023.08.010","article-title":"Corneal transplantation: A walk to vision","volume":"79","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.122289","article-title":"A brief history of corneal transplantation: From ancient to modern","volume":"6","author":"Crawford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oman J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Maghsoudlou, P., Sood, G., Gurnani, B., and Akhondi, H. (2024, August 14). Cornea Transplantation, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539690\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20001101-04","article-title":"Corneal autografting: A systematic approach","volume":"31","author":"Rao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-021-00636-3","article-title":"Immunology and Donor-Specific Antibodies in Corneal Transplantation","volume":"69","author":"Major","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_141_19","article-title":"Corneal transplantation in the modern era","volume":"150","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.01.018","article-title":"Trends in Corneal Transplantation from 2001 to 2016 in Germany: A Report of the DOG-Section Cornea and its Keratoplasty Registry","volume":"188","author":"Flockerzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.07.005","article-title":"Current indications and surgical approaches to corneal transplants at the University of Toronto: A clinical-pathological study","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2012.12.008","article-title":"Evolving surgical techniques of and indications for corneal transplantation in Ontario: 2000\u20132012","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S289359","article-title":"Current Perspectives on Corneal Transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372090","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5372090","article-title":"Corneal Allografts: Factors for and against Acceptance","volume":"2021","author":"Sakowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","article-title":"Global Survey of Corneal Transplantation and Eye Banking","volume":"134","author":"Gain","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311342","article-title":"Corneal transplant follow-up study II (CTFS II): A prospective clinical trial to determine the influence of HLA class II matching on corneal transplant rejection: Baseline donor and recipient characteristics","volume":"103","author":"Armitage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.02.058","article-title":"Extended long-term outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus","volume":"113","author":"Pramanik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00463-9","article-title":"Long-term graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"110","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8670280","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8670280","article-title":"Effector and Regulatory T Cell Trafficking in Corneal Allograft Rejection","volume":"2017","author":"Amouzegar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.04.002","article-title":"Immune privilege in corneal transplantation","volume":"72","author":"Hori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.TJO-D-24-00009","article-title":"Corneal transplantation surgery: Where we are and where are we going?","volume":"14","author":"Alio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2019.01.01","article-title":"Detecting donor-specific antibodies: The importance of sorting the wheat from the chaff","volume":"8","author":"McCaughan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000772","article-title":"Precision transplant pathology","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.08.010","article-title":"Present Yourself! By MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules","volume":"37","author":"Rock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2008.5","article-title":"The HLA genomic loci map: Expression, interaction, diversity and disease","volume":"54","author":"Shiina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2007.01.066","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen and its role in transplantation biology","volume":"39","author":"Trivedi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.01.001","article-title":"Matching for Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) in corneal transplantation\u2014To do or not to do","volume":"46","author":"Roelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90595","article-title":"Alloimmune T cells in transplantation","volume":"127","author":"DeWolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004420","article-title":"Pathways of Antigen Recognition by T Cells in Allograft Rejection","volume":"107","author":"Carnel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009073431006","article-title":"The HLA System","volume":"343","author":"Klein","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e32833bfb33","article-title":"Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3818","article-title":"The ins and outs of MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation","volume":"15","author":"Roche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"259","article-title":"Rejection Prophylaxis in Corneal Transplant","volume":"115","author":"Grotejohann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009143431106","article-title":"The HLA system. Second of two parts","volume":"343","author":"Klein","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11321","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2023.11321","article-title":"The Clinical Utility of Post-Transplant Monitoring of Donor-Specific Antibodies in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients: A Consensus Report With Guideline Statements for Clinical Practice","volume":"36","author":"Meziyerh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196904032801401","article-title":"Significance of the positive crossmatch test in kidney transplantation","volume":"280","author":"Patel","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ltad014","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltad014","article-title":"A historical perspective on HLA","volume":"3","author":"Bodmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunother. Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hori, J., Kunishige, T., and Nakano, Y. (2020). Immune Checkpoints Contribute Corneal Immune Privilege: Implications for Dry Eye Associated with Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113962"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000214230.21238.3d","article-title":"Absence of blood and lymphatic vessels in the developing human cornea","volume":"25","author":"Cursiefen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.10.003","article-title":"Barrier Function in the Ocular Surface: From Conventional Paradigms to New Opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.6049","article-title":"Blood-retinal barrier","volume":"21","author":"Bernardes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4137\/OED.S2813","article-title":"Stratification of Antigen-presenting Cells within the Normal Cornea","volume":"1","author":"Knickelbein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Eye Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00430.x","article-title":"A vision of cell death: Fas ligand and immune privilege 10 years later","volume":"213","author":"Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.382","article-title":"Ocular immune privilege","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.8251","article-title":"Immunology of the eye","volume":"72","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01247.x","article-title":"A strikingly constant ratio exists between Langerhans cells and other epidermal cells in human skin. A stereologic study using the optical disector method and the confocal laser scanning microscope","volume":"116","author":"Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-5814(12)32008-2","article-title":"The role of receptor programmed death-1 and its ligands in immune system and tumors","volume":"43","author":"Grzywnowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Haematol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.53","article-title":"Modulation of Thrombospondin-1 and Pigmented Epithelium Derived Factor Levels in Vitreous Fluid of Patients with Diabetes","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6554","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18526","article-title":"Identification of Novel Endogenous Anti(lymph)angiogenic Factors in the Aqueous Humor","volume":"57","author":"Bock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-120337","article-title":"Inhibition of endogenous TGF-beta signaling enhances lymphangiogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Oka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05249","article-title":"Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1","volume":"443","author":"Ambati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.01.001","article-title":"Novel anti(lymph)angiogenic treatment strategies for corneal and ocular surface diseases","volume":"34","author":"Bock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.02.015","article-title":"Different expression of angiogenesis-related factors between human cultivated corneal and oral epithelial sheets","volume":"83","author":"Sekiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5962","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103216","article-title":"Immunological disruption of antiangiogenic signals by recruited allospecific T cells leads to corneal allograft rejection","volume":"188","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.02.003","article-title":"Ocular Surface Immunity: Homeostatic Mechanisms and Their Disruption in Dry Eye Disease","volume":"31","author":"Barabino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.12.001","article-title":"The autoimmune diseases of the eyes","volume":"15","author":"Fiorot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000099255","article-title":"Ocular immunosuppressive microenvironment","volume":"92","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Immunol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.127","article-title":"Suppression of Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Ocular Surface by the Membrane-associated Mucins MUC1 and MUC16","volume":"8","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283645899","article-title":"The ocular surface epithelial barrier and other mechanisms of mucosal protection: From allergy to infectious diseases","volume":"13","author":"Mantelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2003.08.346","article-title":"Expression of HLA-G in human cornea, an immune-privileged tissue","volume":"64","author":"Moreau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.8.5018","article-title":"HLA-G2, -G3, and -G4 Isoforms Expressed as Nonmature Cell Surface Glycoproteins Inhibit NK and Antigen-Specific CTL Cytolysis","volume":"166","author":"Riteau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3139-2_13","article-title":"Corneal Immunosuppressive Mechanisms, Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) and Their Role in Allograft Rejection","volume":"1371","author":"Treacy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, A.W. (2016). Ocular Immune Privilege and Transplantation. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00037"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.04.008","article-title":"Corneal Graft Rejection","volume":"52","author":"Panda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1159\/000510391","article-title":"Pediatric Keratoplasty: The Success of a Tailor-Made Surgical Management","volume":"11","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.039","article-title":"Corneal neovascularization as a risk factor for graft failure and rejection after keratoplasty: An evidence-based meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Bachmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1293","article-title":"The critical role of lymph nodes in corneal alloimmunization and graft rejection","volume":"42","author":"Yamagami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12228","article-title":"Role of T cell recruitment and chemokine-regulated intra-graft T cell motility patterns in corneal allograft rejection","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.07.024","article-title":"The impact of corneal allograft rejection on the long-term outcome of corneal transplantation","volume":"140","author":"Coster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"519","article-title":"The distribution of HLA antigens on human corneal tissue","volume":"25","author":"Whitsett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Predicting the risk for corneal graft rejection by aqueous humor analysis","volume":"17","author":"Maier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119173","article-title":"CD95 ligand (FasL)-induced apoptosis is necessary for corneal allograft survival","volume":"99","author":"Stuart","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-020-00582-6","article-title":"Comparative Study of Immunomodulatory Agents to Induce Human T Regulatory (Treg) Cells: Preferential Treg-Stimulatory Effect of Prednisolone and Rapamycin","volume":"68","author":"Janyst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nberg, A., Hamdorf, M., and Bock, F. (2020). Immunomodulatory Strategies Targeting Dendritic Cells to Improve Corneal Graft Survival. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051280"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"535","article-title":"HLA antigenicity of normal and pathological corneas","volume":"13","author":"Delbosc","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Expression of cell adhesion molecules on limbal and neovascular endothelium in corneal inflammatory neovascularization","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099313811","article-title":"Early expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha after corneal transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"2795","article-title":"Proinflammatory chemokine induction in keratocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration into the cornea","volume":"42","author":"Hong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02285.x","article-title":"Aqueous humor alloreactive cell phenotypes, cytokines and chemokines in corneal allograft rejection","volume":"8","author":"Flynn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.1.71","article-title":"Promotion of graft survival by vascular endothelial growth factor a neutralization after high-risk corneal transplantation","volume":"126","author":"Bachmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1099-1","article-title":"Short- and long-term safety profile and efficacy of topical bevacizumab (Avastin) eye drops against corneal neovascularization","volume":"247","author":"Koenig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Efficacy of sub-conjunctival and topical bevacizumab in high-risk corneal transplant survival","volume":"63","author":"Bhatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2023.05.012","article-title":"Tocilizumab for antibody-mediated rejection treatment in lung transplantation","volume":"42","author":"January","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.148","article-title":"Levels of Foxp3 in regulatory T cells reflect their functional status in transplantation","volume":"182","author":"Chauhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001044","article-title":"In vivo expansion of regulatory T cells by low-dose interleukin-2 treatment increases allograft survival in corneal transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Tahvildari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0193","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells: Differentiation and Function","volume":"4","author":"Plitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00947013","article-title":"Inhibition of corneal allograft reaction by CTLA4-Ig","volume":"235","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1109","article-title":"Inhibition of murine corneal allograft rejection by treatment with antibodies to CD80 and CD86","volume":"74","author":"Kagaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199209000-00015","article-title":"Pretransplant and posttransplant antibodies in human corneal transplantation","volume":"54","author":"Roy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199501150-00005","article-title":"The association of lymphocytotoxic antibodies with corneal allograft rejection in high risk patients. The Collaborative Corneal Transplantation Studies Research Group","volume":"59","author":"Hahn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00171668","article-title":"Circulating cornea-specific antibodies in corneal disease and cornea transplantation","volume":"232","author":"Jager","year":"1994","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-3274(02)00082-5","article-title":"Are corneal cells susceptible to antibody-mediated killing in corneal allograft rejection?","volume":"11","author":"Hargrave","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2012.04.005","article-title":"A novel ELISA-based crossmatch procedure to detect donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies responsible for corneal allograft rejections","volume":"381","author":"Sel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000055833.65192.3B","article-title":"Posttransplantation production of donor HLA-specific antibodies as a predictor of renal transplant outcome","volume":"75","author":"Worthington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2003.00135.x","article-title":"Humoral theory of transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Terasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318203fd26","article-title":"C1q-fixing human leukocyte antigen antibodies are specific for predicting transplant glomerulopathy and late graft failure after kidney transplantation","volume":"91","author":"Yabu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000699","article-title":"C1q Binding Activity of De Novo Donor-specific HLA Antibodies in Renal Transplant Recipients With and Without Antibody-mediated Rejection","volume":"99","author":"Yell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"250","article-title":"Corneal transplantation in antibody-deficient hosts","volume":"40","author":"Goslings","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.15047","article-title":"HLA antibody affinity determination: From HLA-specific monoclonal antibodies to donor HLA specific antibodies (DSA) in patient serum","volume":"102","author":"Hug","year":"2023","journal-title":"HLA"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/18\/1532\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:55:09Z","timestamp":1760111709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/18\/1532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13181532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13181532","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}