{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:56:23Z","timestamp":1788389783737,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","award":["#RP210046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#RP210046"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","award":["#2T32AG020494-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2T32AG020494-21"]}]},{"name":"NIH T32 Neurobiology of Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","award":["#RP210046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#RP210046"]}]},{"name":"NIH T32 Neurobiology of Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","award":["#2T32AG020494-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2T32AG020494-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor and has a dismal overall survival rate. To date, no GBM therapy has yielded successful results in survival for patients beyond baseline surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy has taken the oncology world by storm in recent years and there has been movement from researchers to implement the immunotherapy revolution into GBM treatment. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapies are a rising candidate to treat GBM from multiple therapeutic vantage points: monoclonal antibody therapy targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-NK cell therapy, Bi-specific killer cell engagers (BiKEs), and more. NK therapies often focus on tumor antigens for targeting. Here, we reviewed some common targets analyzed in the fight for GBM immunotherapy relevant to NK cells: EGFR, HER2, CD155, and IL-13R\u03b12. We further propose investigating the Lectin-like Transcript 1 (LLT1) and cell surface proliferating cell nuclear antigen (csPCNA) as targets for NK cell-based immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1726620703000},"page":"1567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prospective Molecular Targets for Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy against Glioblastoma Multiforme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luke C.","family":"Cooksey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek C.","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2337-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique D.","family":"Mangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porunelloor A.","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.2844","article-title":"World Health Organization 2021 Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors and Implications for Therapy for Adult-Type Gliomas: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043331","article-title":"MGMT Gene Silencing and Benefit from Temozolomide in Glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Hegi","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.22.00476","article-title":"Key Clinical Principles in the Management of Glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Kotecha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., Ai, D., Li, T., Xia, L., and Sun, L. (2021). Effectiveness of Lomustine Combined With Bevacizumab in Glioblastoma: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.603947"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.2195","article-title":"Long-Term Survival of Patients With Glioblastoma Treated With Radiotherapy and Lomustine Plus Temozolomide","volume":"27","author":"Glas","year":"2009","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707358","article-title":"Lomustine and Bevacizumab in Progressive Glioblastoma","volume":"377","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvato, I., and Marchini, A. (2024). Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071276"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01864-w","article-title":"Challenges in Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: Mechanisms of Resistance and Therapeutic Approaches to Overcome Them","volume":"127","author":"Habashy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel, A.M., Yang, C., Thakar, M.S., and Malarkannan, S. (2018). Natural Killer Cells: Development, Maturation, and Clinical Utilization. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01869"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1581","article-title":"Up on the Tightrope: Natural Killer Cell Activation and Inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Lanier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020","DOI":"10.1097\/IN9.0000000000000020","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of NK Cell Function: Implications for Immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Sohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunometabolism"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0902-807","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Activation in Mice and Men: Different Triggers for Similar Weapons?","volume":"3","author":"Colucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S., and Lal, G. (2017). The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Killer Cells Function and Its Importance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01124"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021747","article-title":"Stress Signals Activate Natural Killer Cells","volume":"196","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.78","article-title":"Activating and Inhibitory Receptors of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"89","author":"Pegram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells in Antiviral Immunity","volume":"22","author":"Strunz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, L., Aigner, P., and Stoiber, D. (2017). Type I Interferons and Natural Killer Cell Regulation in Cancer. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00304"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90387","article-title":"CD56bright NK Cells Exhibit Potent Antitumor Responses Following IL-15 Priming","volume":"127","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402099","article-title":"Activation-Specific Metabolic Requirements for NK Cell IFN-\u03b3 Production","volume":"194","author":"Keppel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.04.010","article-title":"Acquisition of Murine NK Cell Cytotoxicity Requires the Translation of a Pre-Existing Pool of Granzyme B and Perforin mRNAs","volume":"26","author":"Fehniger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01737-7","article-title":"NK Cells Are Never Alone: Crosstalk and Communication in Tumour Microenvironments","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1138","article-title":"Induced Recruitment of NK Cells to Lymph Nodes Provides IFN-\u03b3 for TH1 Priming","volume":"5","author":"Thomsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636290","article-title":"NK Cells of Human Secondary Lymphoid Tissues Enhance T Cell Polarization via IFN-\u03b3 Secretion","volume":"36","author":"Morandi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.977","article-title":"Interferon \u03b3 Signaling Alters the Function of T Helper Type 1 Cells","volume":"192","author":"Tau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600112113","article-title":"NK Cells Activated by Interleukin-4 in Cooperation with Interleukin-15 Exhibit Distinctive Characteristics","volume":"113","author":"Kiniwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.9","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Memory in Infection, Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Cerwenka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747299","article-title":"T-bet and Eomes Govern Differentiation and Function of Mouse and Human NK Cells and ILC1","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25758-2","article-title":"Sequential Actions of EOMES and T-BET Promote Stepwise Maturation of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.11.016","article-title":"The Transcription Factors T-Bet and Eomes Control Key Checkpoints of Natural Killer Cell Maturation","volume":"36","author":"Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162530","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162530","article-title":"T-BET and EOMES Sustain Mature Human NK Cell Identity and Antitumor Function","volume":"133","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiekens, L., Van Loocke, W., Taveirne, S., Wahlen, S., Persyn, E., Van Ammel, E., De Vos, Z., Matthys, P., Van Nieuwerburgh, F., and Taghon, T. (2021). T-BET and EOMES Accelerate and Enhance Functional Differentiation of Human Natural Killer Cells. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732511"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Acker, H.H., Capsomidis, A., Smits, E.L., and Van Tendeloo, V.F. (2017). CD56 in the Immune System: More Than a Marker for Cytotoxicity?. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.6.2233","article-title":"Identity of Leu-19 (CD56) Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen and Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule","volume":"169","author":"Lanier","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.09.022","article-title":"Human Natural Killer Cells: Form, Function, and Development","volume":"151","author":"Mace","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03027.x","article-title":"CD56 bright Natural Killer (NK) Cells: An Important NK Cell Subset","volume":"126","author":"Poli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2876","article-title":"CD56bright Natural Killer Cells Are Present in Human Lymph Nodes and Are Activated by T Cell-Derived IL-2: A Potential New Link between Adaptive and Innate Immunity","volume":"101","author":"Fehniger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.008","article-title":"The Broad Spectrum of Human Natural Killer Cell Diversity","volume":"47","author":"Freud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80169-0","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Receptors and MHC Class I Interactions","volume":"9","author":"Lanier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.42","article-title":"Molecular Checkpoints Controlling Natural Killer Cell Activation and Their Modulation for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"49","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12921","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and Its Regulation by Inhibitory Receptors","volume":"154","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00660.x","article-title":"Negative Signaling by Inhibitory Receptors: The NK Cell Paradigm","volume":"224","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73282","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73282","article-title":"Inhibition of SHP-1 Activity by PKC-\u03b8 Regulates NK Cell Activation Threshold and Cytotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Sabag","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06438-7","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Based Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy in Cancer: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80280-0","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells: From No Receptors to Too Many","volume":"6","author":"Lanier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1351","article-title":"Synergy among Receptors on Resting NK Cells for the Activation of Natural Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Secretion","volume":"107","author":"Bryceson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-08-238469","article-title":"Regulation of Human NK-Cell Cytokine and Chemokine Production by Target Cell Recognition","volume":"115","author":"Fauriat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/319675a0","article-title":"Selective Rejection of H\u20132-Deficient Lymphoma Variants Suggests Alternative Immune Defence Strategy","volume":"319","author":"Ljunggren","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y. (2023). The Function of NK Cells in Tumor Metastasis and NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082323"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhatchinamoorthy, K., Colbert, J.D., and Rock, K.L. (2021). Cancer Immune Evasion Through Loss of MHC Class I Antigen Presentation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636568"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01048-4","article-title":"Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells in Cancer and Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"124","author":"Raskov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01238-x","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Biology and Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22589","article-title":"Cellular Immune Surveillance of Central Nervous System Bypasses Blood\u2013Brain Barrier and Blood\u2013Cerebrospinal\u2013Fluid Barrier: Revealed with the N Ew M Arburg Cerebrospinal\u2013Fluid Model in Healthy Humans","volume":"87","author":"Kleine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytom. Pt. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.2.585-594.2004","article-title":"CXC Chemokine Ligand 10 Controls Viral Infection in the Central Nervous System: Evidence for a Role in Innate Immune Response through Recruitment and Activation of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"78","author":"Trifilo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41911","article-title":"Trafficking of Immune Cells in the Central Nervous System","volume":"120","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.12.008","article-title":"NK Cells in the Brain: Implications for Brain Tumor Development and Therapy","volume":"28","author":"Balatsoukas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breznik, B., Ko, M.-W., Tse, C., Chen, P.-C., Senjor, E., Majc, B., Habi\u010d, A., Angelillis, N., Novak, M., and \u017dupunski, V. (2022). Infiltrating Natural Killer Cells Bind, Lyse and Increase Chemotherapy Efficacy in Glioblastoma Stem-like Tumorospheres. Commun. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03402-z"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Pollok, K.E., and Shen, J. (2023). Unlocking Glioblastoma Secrets: Natural Killer Cell Therapy against Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245836"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-023-00356-1","article-title":"Advances in NK Cell Therapy for Brain Tumors","volume":"7","author":"Fares","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-016-0272-3","article-title":"Immune Phenotypes Predict Survival in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"9","author":"Mostafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedgwick, A.J., Ghazanfari, N., Constantinescu, P., Mantamadiotis, T., and Barrow, A.D. (2020). The Role of NK Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Brain Cancer. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01549"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05041-y","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Awakening: Unleash Cancer-Immunity Cycle against Glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morimoto, T., Nakazawa, T., Maeoka, R., Nakagawa, I., Tsujimura, T., and Matsuda, R. (2023). Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy against Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032111"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142116","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142116","article-title":"Targeting the Av Integrin\/TGF-\u03b2 Axis Improves Natural Killer Cell Function against Glioblastoma Stem Cells","volume":"131","author":"Shaim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, H., Yang, H., Xiong, H., and Luo, K.Q. (2023). NK Cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303605"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Kang, W.Y., Yoon, Y., Jin, J.Y., Song, H.J., Her, J.H., Kang, S.M., Hwang, Y.K., Kang, K.J., and Joo, K.M. (2015). Natural Killer (NK) Cells Inhibit Systemic Metastasis of Glioblastoma Cells and Have Therapeutic Effects against Glioblastomas in the Brain. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-2034-y"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Liu, F., Sun, L., Liu, Z., and Zeng, Y. (2022). Natural Killer Cell-Related Gene Signature Predicts Malignancy of Glioma and the Survival of Patients. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09230-y"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M., Arooj, S., and Wang, H. (2020). NK Cell-Based Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00167"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00348-8","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Natural Killer Cells as Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163447","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163447","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Glioblastoma: From Tumor Heterogeneity to Personalized Treatment","volume":"133","author":"Arrieta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.3.2.14239","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies in Neuro-Oncology: Getting Past the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"3","author":"Lampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramapriyan, R., Sun, J., Curry, A., Richardson, L.G., Ramesh, T., Gaffey, M.A., Gedeon, P.C., Gerstner, E.R., Curry, W.T., and Choi, B.D. (2023). The Role of Antibody-Based Therapies in Neuro-Oncology. Antibodies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12040074"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, X.-Q., Qu, J., Li, G.-H., Zhuang, H.-H., and Qu, Q. (2022). Small Interfering RNA for Gliomas Treatment: Overcoming Hurdles in Delivery. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.824299"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2696-5","article-title":"Advances and Potential Pitfalls of Oncolytic Viruses Expressing Immunomodulatory Transgene Therapy for Malignant Gliomas","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01569-y","article-title":"Advanced Immunotherapies for Glioblastoma: Tumor Neoantigen Vaccines in Combination with Immunomodulators","volume":"11","author":"Gargini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datsi, A., and Sorg, R.V. (2021). Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Glioblastoma: Road to Success or Dead End. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.770390"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granzin, M., Wagner, J., K\u00f6hl, U., Cerwenka, A., Huppert, V., and Ullrich, E. (2017). Shaping of Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Activity by Ex Vivo Cultivation. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00458"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivonen, M., Sirvi\u00f6, K.A., Wojciechowski, S., Kailaanm\u00e4ki, A., Kaipainen, S., Bailey, A., Villalba, M., and Kekarainen, T. (2023). Cytokines Impact Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Functionality against Glioblastoma in Vitro. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1227064"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantesso, S., Geerts, D., Spanholtz, J., and Ku\u010derov\u00e1, L. (2020). Genetic Engineering of Natural Killer Cells for Enhanced Antitumor Function. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.607131"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Song, W., Li, Z., and Zhang, M. (2022). Preclinical and Clinical Studies of CAR-NK-Cell Therapies for Malignancies. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992232"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Q., Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., and Deng, H. (2023). CAR-NK Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma: What to Do Next?. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1192128"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger, M.C., Zhang, C., Harter, P.N., Romanski, A., Strassheimer, F., Senft, C., Tonn, T., Steinbach, J.P., and Wels, W.S. (2019). CAR-Engineered NK Cells for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Turning Innate Effectors Into Precision Tools for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02683"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2022.12.003","article-title":"The NK-92 Cell Line\u201430 Years Later: Its Impact on Natural Killer Cell Research and Treatment of Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Klingemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1089\/10430349950018030","article-title":"Characterization of Genetically Altered, Interleukin 2-Independent Natural Killer Cell Lines Suitable for Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Tam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, P.C., and Magge, R.S. (2020). Mechanisms of EGFR Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228471"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe, M.L., Marrocco, I., and Yarden, Y. (2021). EGFR in Cancer: Signaling Mechanisms, Drugs, and Acquired Resistance. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112748"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-017-0045-7","article-title":"Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and EGFRvIII in Glioblastoma: Signaling Pathways and Targeted Therapies","volume":"37","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.-P., Guo, Z.-Q., Wang, B.-F., and Zhao, M. (2023). EGFR Alterations in Glioblastoma Play a Role in Antitumor Immunity Regulation. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1236246"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.034","article-title":"The Somatic Genomic Landscape of Glioblastoma","volume":"155","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705158104","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of EGFRvIII Cellular Signaling Networks Reveals a Combinatorial Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, S.M.B., Kamel, A., Ciubotaru, G.V., Onose, G., Sevastre, A.-S., Sfredel, V., Danoiu, S., Dricu, A., and Tataranu, L.G. (2023). An Overview of EGFR Mechanisms and Their Implications in Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311110"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-00322-0","article-title":"Antitumour Immunity Regulated by Aberrant ERBB Family Signalling","volume":"21","author":"Kumagai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor, S.S., and Zaiss, D.M.W. (2021). Emerging Role of EGFR Mutations in Creating an Immune Suppressive Tumour Microenvironment. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010052"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2312277120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312277120","article-title":"Overcoming EGFR Inhibitor Resistance in Glioblastoma by Targeting Co-Amplified Genes","volume":"120","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezzati, S., Salib, S., Balasubramaniam, M., and Aboud, O. (2024). Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Possibilities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042316"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314390","article-title":"Intraventricular CARv3-TEAM-E T Cells in Recurrent Glioblastoma","volume":"390","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-022-00567-1","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Hosseinalizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-016-9649-6","article-title":"The Role of HER2, EGFR, and Other Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Breast Cancer","volume":"35","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-7754(01)90279-9","article-title":"The Role of HER2 in Angiogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5858\/2010-0454-RAR.1","article-title":"HER2: Biology, Detection, and Clinical Implications","volume":"135","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/onco3020008","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) as a Biomarker in Extra-Mammary and Extra-Gastric Cancers","volume":"3","author":"Amisha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Onco"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/01.COC.0000020922.66984.E7","article-title":"Role of Her-2\/Neu Overexpression and Clinical Determinants of Early Mortality in Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"26","author":"Koka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.04.003","article-title":"RNA Aggregates Harness the Danger Response for Potent Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"187","author":"DeVries","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-024-00275-6","article-title":"HER2-Targeting CAR-T Cells Show Highly Efficient Anti-Tumor Activity against Glioblastoma Both in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0184","article-title":"HER2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor\u2013Modified Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Glioblastoma: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv375","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv375","article-title":"ErbB2\/HER2-Specific NK Cells for Targeted Therapy of Glioblastoma","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad087","article-title":"Intracranial Injection of Natural Killer Cells Engineered with a HER2-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Burger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10930","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1890","article-title":"CD155\/PVR Enhances Glioma Cell Dispersal by Regulating Adhesion Signaling and Focal Adhesion Dynamics","volume":"65","author":"Sloan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00913-2","article-title":"CD155 Immunoregulation as a Target for Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Lupo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, K.E., Eustace, B.K., Stewart, J.K., Zehetmeier, C., Torella, C., Simeone, M., Roy, J.E., Unger, C., Louis, D.N., and Ilag, L.L. (2004). CD155\/PVR Plays a Key Role in Cell Motility during Tumor Cell Invasion and Migration. BMC Cancer, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-4-73"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23080","article-title":"The CD155\/Poliovirus Receptor Enhances the Proliferation of Ras\u2014mutated Cells","volume":"122","author":"Kono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intl J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh059","article-title":"Functional Characterization of DNAM-1 (CD226) Interaction with Its Ligands PVR (CD155) and Nectin-2 (PRR-2\/CD112)","volume":"16","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.141","article-title":"Recruitment of Grb2 and SHIP1 by the ITT-like Motif of TIGIT Suppresses Granule Polarization and Cytotoxicity of NK Cells","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Correa, B., Valhondo, I., Hassouneh, F., Lopez-Sejas, N., Pera, A., Bergua, J.M., Arcos, M.J., Ba\u00f1as, H., Casas-Avil\u00e9s, I., and Dur\u00e1n, E. (2019). DNAM-1 and the TIGIT\/PVRIG\/TACTILE Axis: Novel Immune Checkpoints for Natural Killer Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060877"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2015.10.048","article-title":"TIGIT-CD155 Interactions in Melanoma: A Novel Co-Inhibitory Pathway with Potential for Clinical Intervention","volume":"136","author":"Mahnke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1466769","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1466769","article-title":"TIGIT and PD-1 Dual Checkpoint Blockade Enhances Antitumor Immunity and Survival in GBM","volume":"8","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716435","article-title":"Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Recombinant Poliovirus","volume":"379","author":"Desjardins","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0132-0","article-title":"Blockade of the Checkpoint Receptor TIGIT Prevents NK Cell Exhaustion and Elicits Potent Anti-Tumor Immunity","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24915","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502571200","article-title":"Characterization of the Interaction between Interleukin-13 and Interleukin-13 Receptors","volume":"280","author":"Arima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Interleukin-13 Receptor Alpha Chain: A Novel Tumor-Associated Transmembrane Protein in Primary Explants of Human Malignant Gliomas","volume":"60","author":"Joshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1746-6","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Role of IL-13R\u03b12 in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme: Interleukin-13 Mediates Signal Transduction through AP-1 Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2010.01.003","article-title":"Molecular Basis for Shared Cytokine Recognition Revealed in the Structure of an Unusually High Affinity Complex between IL-13 and IL-13R\u03b12","volume":"18","author":"Lupardus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C.E., Warden, C.D., Starr, R., Deng, X., Badie, B., Yuan, Y.-C., Forman, S.J., and Barish, M.E. (2013). Glioma IL13R\u03b12 Is Associated with Mesenchymal Signature Gene Expression and Poor Patient Prognosis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077769"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlowski, K.D., Duffy, J.T., Tiwari, A., Zannikou, M., and Balyasnikova, I.V. (2023). Bi-Specific Killer Cell Engager Enhances NK Cell Activity against Interleukin-13 Receptor Alpha-2 Positive Gliomas. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131716"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2022.0267","article-title":"Advanced T and Natural Killer Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma","volume":"66","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67360","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11744","article-title":"HLA-E Expression and Its Clinical Relevance in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Seliger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/35869","article-title":"HLA-E Binds to Natural Killer Cell Receptors CD94\/NKG2A, B and C","volume":"391","author":"Braud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2095","article-title":"The NKG2A\u2013HLA-E Axis as a Novel Checkpoint in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"26","author":"Borst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, J., Doyle, A., Graham, L., Khakoo, S., and Blunt, M. (2022). Disruption of the NKG2A:HLA-E Immune Checkpoint Axis to Enhance NK Cell Activation against Cancer. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10121993"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0761-3","article-title":"Monalizumab: Inhibiting the Novel Immune Checkpoint NKG2A","volume":"7","author":"Horowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.21873\/cgp.20311","article-title":"HLA-E and HLA-F Are Overexpressed in Glioblastoma and HLA-E Increased After Exposure to Ionizing Radiation","volume":"19","author":"Hrbac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.6.523","article-title":"HLA-E Protects Glioma Cells from NKG2D-Mediated Immune Responses In Vitro: Implications for Immune Escape In Vivo","volume":"64","author":"Wischhusen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Liang, J., Wang, Z., Li, A., Fan, X., and Jiang, T. (2020). HLA-E Expression in Diffuse Glioma: Relationship with Clinicopathological Features and Patient Survival. BMC Neurol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01640-4"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36207","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.179622","article-title":"Characterization of Alternatively Spliced Transcript Variants of CLEC2D Gene","volume":"285","author":"Germain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050679","article-title":"Cloning of a New Lectin-like Receptor Expressed on Human NK Cells","volume":"50","author":"Boles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7796","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.12.7796","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Lectin-Like Transcript-1 Is a Ligand for the Inhibitory Human NKR-P1A Receptor","volume":"175","author":"Rosen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7791","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.12.7791","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Lectin-Like Transcript 1 Is a Ligand for the CD161 Receptor","volume":"175","author":"Aldemir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e353","DOI":"10.1002\/cjp2.353","article-title":"Immune checkpoint CD161\/LLT1-associated immunological landscape and diagnostic value in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Blocking LLT1 (CLEC2D, OCIL)-NKRP1A (CD161) Interaction Enhances Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Lysis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"8","author":"Marrufo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68650","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11896","article-title":"Overexpression of LLT1 (OCIL, CLEC2D) on Prostate Cancer Cells Inhibits NK Cell-Mediated Killing through LLT1-NKRP1A (CD161) Interaction","volume":"7","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14686","article-title":"Role of LLT1 and PCNA as Natural Killer Cell Immune Evasion Strategies of HCT 116 Cells","volume":"40","author":"Malaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4783","article-title":"Malignant Glioma Cells Counteract Antitumor Immune Responses through Expression of Lectin-Like Transcript-1","volume":"67","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1423184","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1423184","article-title":"Expression of LLT1 and Its Receptor CD161 in Lung Cancer Is Associated with Better Clinical Outcome","volume":"7","author":"Braud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14503","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.e14503","article-title":"Abrogation of Natural Killer Cell Check Point Pathway LLT1\/CD161 by Novel Anti LLT1 Antibody ZM008 and Its Therapeutic Applications in Solid Cancers","volume":"40","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022882","article-title":"Targeting of the CD161 Inhibitory Receptor Enhances T-Cell\u2013Mediated Immunity against Hematological Malignancies","volume":"143","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.121.6.2228","article-title":"Autoantibody to a Nuclear Antigen in Proliferating Cells","volume":"121","author":"Miyachi","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04802.x","article-title":"Molecular Cloning of cDNA Coding for Rat Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)\/Cyclin","volume":"6","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.5.416","article-title":"PCNA and Ki67 Expression in Breast Carcinoma: Correlations with Clinical and Biological Variables","volume":"45","author":"Leonardi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02585","article-title":"Structural Analysis of a Eukaryotic Sliding DNA Clamp\u2013Clamp Loader Complex","volume":"429","author":"Bowman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.96.1.121","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibody Analysis of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) Structural Conservation and the Detection of a Nucleolar Form","volume":"96","author":"Waseem","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9350","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.21.9350-9359.2005","article-title":"Nuclear Dynamics of PCNA in DNA Replication and Repair","volume":"25","author":"Essers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604614103","article-title":"A Cancer-Associated PCNA Expressed in Breast Cancer Has Implications as a Potential Biomarker","volume":"103","author":"Malkas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102267","article-title":"Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Is a Novel Inhibitory Ligand for the Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor NKp44","volume":"187","author":"Rosental","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.19366","article-title":"A Novel Mechanism for Cancer Cells to Evade Immune Attack by NK Cells: The Interaction between NKp44 and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen","volume":"1","author":"Rosental","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horton, N.C., Mathew, S.O., and Mathew, P.A. (2013). Novel Interaction between Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and HLA I on the Surface of Tumor Cells Inhibits NK Cell Function through NKp44. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059552"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0023","article-title":"Inhibition of the NKp44-PCNA Immune Checkpoint Using a mAb to PCNA","volume":"7","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iraqi, M., Edri, A., Greenshpan, Y., Goldstein, O., Ofir, N., Bolel, P., Abu Ahmad, M., Zektser, M., Campbell, K.S., and Rouvio, O. (2022). Blocking the PCNA\/NKp44 Checkpoint to Stimulate NK Cell Responses to Multiple Myeloma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094717"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Blocking PCNA Interaction with NKp44 Enhances Primary Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Lysis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Marrufo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/18\/1567\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:58:10Z","timestamp":1760111890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/18\/1567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13181567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13181567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]}}}