{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T19:56:55Z","timestamp":1788206215524,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Facility CRUK flow cytometry service grant at Barts Cancer Institute","award":["C16420\/A18066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16420\/A18066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause major disability and increases the risk of neurodegeneration. Post-TBI, there is infiltration of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells; there is limited information on the peripheral immune response post-TBI in the immature brain\u2014where injury may interfere with neurodevelopment. We carried out two injury types in juvenile mice: invasive TBI with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) and repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) using weight drop injury and analysed the response at 5- and 35-days post-injury. In the two models, we detected the brain infiltration of immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells). There were increases in macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in the spleen, increases in dendritic cells in blood, and increases in CD8+ T cells and B cells in lymph nodes. These results indicate a complex peripheral immune response post-TBI in the immature brain, with differences between an invasive injury and a repetitive mild injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T06:55:52Z","timestamp":1727333752000},"page":"1612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Immune Response in Two Models of Traumatic Injury of the Immature Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0898-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra F.","family":"Al-Khateeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si\u00e2n M.","family":"Henson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi L.","family":"Tremoleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina T.","family":"Michael-Titus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.001","article-title":"Congenital and acquired brain injury. 1. 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