{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:12:16Z","timestamp":1781730736397,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BS\/BiB\/UMCS Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global problem. Oncology currently practices conventional methods of treating this carcinoma, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, their efficacy is low; hence, the exploration of new therapies is critical. Recently, many efforts have focused on developing safe and effective anticancer compounds. Some of them include cannabinoids. In the present study, we obtained cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), abnormal cannabigerol (abn-CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabicitran (CBT), by chemical synthesis and performed the biological evaluation of their activity on colon cancer cells. In this study, we analyzed the effects of selected cannabinoids on the lifespan and metabolic activity of normal colonic epithelial cells and cancer colon cells. This study demonstrated that cannabinoids can induce apoptosis in cancer cells by modulating mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and cellular membrane integrity. The tested cannabinoids also influenced cell cycle progression. We also investigated the antioxidant activity of cannabinoids and established a relationship between the type of cannabinoid and nitric oxide (NO) production in normal and cancerous colon cells. To conclude, it seems that, due to their interesting properties, the cannabinoids studied may constitute an interesting target for further research aimed at their use in alternative or combined therapies for human colon cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T11:40:27Z","timestamp":1727350827000},"page":"1616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Potential of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Modulation of Biological Activity of Normal and Cancerous Human Colon Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9779-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Paduch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Szwaczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Marie Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8833-3170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Dziuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Marie Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Wiater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Ami Shor, D., Hochman, I., Gluck, N., Shibolet, O., and Scapa, E. (2022). The Cytotoxic Effect of Isolated Cannabinoid Extracts on Polypoid Colorectal Tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911366"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iden, J.A., Raphael-Mizrahi, B., Awida, Z., Naim, A., Zyc, D., Liron, T., Kasher, M., Livshits, G., Vered, M., and Gabet, Y. (2023). The Anti-Tumorigenic Role of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 in Colon Cancer: A Study in Mice and Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044060"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel, B., Deniz, A.A.H., \u015eahin, F., Sahin, K., and T\u00fcrkel, N. (2023). Cannabinoid compounds in combination with curcumin and piperine display an anti-tumorigenic effect against colon cancer cells. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1145666"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaiachuk, M., Pryimak, N., Kovalchuk, O., and Kovalchuk, I. (2021). Cannabinoids, Medical Cannabis, and Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.713153"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomko, A.M., Whynot, E.G., Ellis, L.D., and Dupr\u00e9, D.J. (2020). Anti-Cancer Potential of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids Present in Cannabis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071985"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarsembayeva, A., and Schicho, R. (2023). Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in immunotherapy: Helpful or harmful?. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1296906"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radwan, M.M., Chandra, S., Gul, S., and ElSohly, M.A. (2021). Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092774"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015","article-title":"History of cannabis as a medicine: A review","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.011","article-title":"Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids","volume":"78","author":"ElSohly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cascio, M.G., Pertwee, R.G., and Marini, P. (2017). The pharmacology and therapeutic potential of plant cannabinoids. Cannabis sativa L.\u2014Botany and Biotechnology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54564-6_9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09777-x","article-title":"Biological activity of Cannabis compounds: A modern approach to the therapy of multiple diseases","volume":"21","author":"Helcman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voicu, V., Brehar, F.M., Toader, C., Covache-Busuioc, R.A., Corlatescu, A.D., Bordeianu, A., Costin, H.P., Bratu, B.G., Glavan, L.A., and Ciurea, A.V. (2023). Cannabinoids in Medicine: A Multifaceted Exploration of Types, Therapeutic Applications, and Emerging Opportunities in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091388"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001293","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies","volume":"159","author":"Stockings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0978-9","article-title":"Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast","volume":"567","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00062-4","article-title":"The biosynthesis of the cannabinoids","volume":"3","author":"Tahir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cannabis. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degenhardt, F., Stehle, F., and Kayser, O. (2017). Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies Chapter 2. The Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800756-3.00002-8"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.05.005","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.05.010","article-title":"The use of cannabinoids as anticancer agents","volume":"64","author":"Velasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9608-y","article-title":"The antitumor activity of plant-derived non-psychoactive cannabinoids","volume":"10","author":"McAllister","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371527","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2371527","article-title":"Cannabinoid effects on experimental colorectal cancer models reduce aberrant crypt foci (acf) and tumor volume: A systematic review","volume":"2020","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basavarajappa, B.S., and Subbanna, S. (2022). Molecular Insights into Epigenetics and Cannabinoid Receptors. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111560"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14331","article-title":"Insights into the effects of the endocannabinoid system in cancer: A review","volume":"175","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.9b02258","article-title":"One-Pot Total Synthesis of Cannabinol via Iodine-Mediated Deconstructive Annulation","volume":"21","author":"Caprioglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1039\/D0OB00464B","article-title":"Synthetic pathways to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): An overview","volume":"18","author":"Bloemendal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, F., Vandelli, M.A., Biagini, G., Schmid, M., Luongo, L., Perrone, M., Ricciardi, F., Maione, S., Lagan\u00e0, A., and Capriotti, A.L. (2023). Synthesis and pharmacological activity of the epimers of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC). Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38188-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00441a036","article-title":"A simple and practical synthesis of olivetol","volume":"42","author":"Focella","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6227","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.3c00300","article-title":"Continuous-Flow Synthesis of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol and \u03948-Tetrahydrocannabinol from Cannabidiol","volume":"88","author":"Bassetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201901179","article-title":"Synthetic strategies for (\u2212)-cannabidiol and its structural analogs","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c01988","article-title":"Novel Synthesis of C-Methylated Phytocannabinoids Bearing Anti-inflammatory Properties","volume":"66","author":"Lavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)88961-9","article-title":"Stereoselective cyclizations of cannabinoid 1,5 dienes","volume":"60","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)98518-6","article-title":"Boron triflouride etherate on alimina\u2014A modified Lewis acid reagent: An improved synthesis of cannabidiol","volume":"26","author":"Baek","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2005.26.12.1933","article-title":"Concise synthesis of biologically interesting (\u00b1)-cannabichromene, (\u00b1)-cannabichromenic acid, and (\u00b1)-daurichromenic acid","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bathula, P.P., and Maciver, M.B. (2024). Cannabinoids in Treating Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting, Cancer-Associated Pain, and Tumor Growth. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010074"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchtova, T., Lukac, D., Skrott, Z., Chroma, K., Bartek, J., and Mistrik, M. (2023). Drug\u2013Drug Interactions of Cannabidiol with Standard-of-Care Chemotherapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032885"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041","article-title":"Cannabidiol: State of the Art and New Challenges for Therapeutic Applications","volume":"175","author":"Pisanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46040227","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids CBD, CBG, and their Derivatives CBD-HQ and CBG-A Induced In Vitro Cytotoxicity in 2D and 3D Colon Cancer Cell Models","volume":"46","author":"Siwiela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0856-x","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer","volume":"90","author":"Aviello","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01152","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1152","article-title":"Investigation of the cytotoxicity induced by cannabinoids on human ovarian carcinoma cells","volume":"11","author":"Sooda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.01.011","article-title":"Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of Noxa in human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"447","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kis, B., Ifrim, F.C., Buda, V., Avram, S., Pavel, I.Z., Antal, D., Paunescu, V., Dehelean, C.A., Ardelean, F., and Diaconeasa, Z. (2019). Cannabidiol\u2014From Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235905"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.03.011","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: Preliminary findings","volume":"38","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgu205","article-title":"Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid","volume":"35","author":"Borrelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addo, P.W., Poudineh, Z., Shearer, M., Taylor, N., MacPherson, S., Raghavan, V., Orsat, V., and Lefsrud, M. (2023). Relationship between Total Antioxidant Capacity, Cannabinoids and Terpenoids in Hops and Cannabis. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061225"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, S., Jarocka-Karpowicz, I., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2019). Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010021"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-022-04121-9","article-title":"Natural vs. artificial cannabinoid oils: The comparison of their antioxidant activities","volume":"249","author":"Dawidowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Li, H.L., Zhou, H.J., Zhang, G.Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y.M., Wang, M.Y., Yang, H., and Gao, W. (2024). Feature-Based Molecular Network-Assisted Cannabinoid and Flavonoid Profiling of Cannabis sativa Leaves and Their Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060749"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"100476","article-title":"Monoecious Cannabis sativa L. discloses the organ-specific variation in glandular trichomes, cannabinoids content and antioxidant potential","volume":"35","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0512-x","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis","volume":"87","author":"Borrelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2810-6","article-title":"Can cannabidiol inhibit angiogenesis in colon cancer?","volume":"28","author":"Honarmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Path."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12120","article-title":"The cannabinoid TRPA1 agonist cannabichromene inhibits nitric oxide production in macrophages and ameliorates murine colitis","volume":"169","author":"Romano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-009-9153-7","article-title":"Cannabinoid Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase I (nNOS) in Neuronal","volume":"4","author":"Carney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.11.018","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids on nitric oxide production by chondrocytes and proteoglycan degradation in cartilage","volume":"69","author":"Mbvundula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yekhtin, Z., Khuja, I., Meiri, D., Or, R., and Almogi-Hazan, O. (2022). Differential effects of D9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-and cannabidiol (CBD)-Based cannabinoid treatments on macrophage immune function in vitro and on gastrointestinal inflammation in a murine model. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081793"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagano, C., Navarra, G., Coppola, L., Avilia, G., Bifulco, M., and Laezza, C. (2022). Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Use in Clinical Practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063344"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afrin, F., Chi, M., Eamens, A.L., Duchatel, R.J., Douglas, A.M., Schneider, J., Gedye, C., Woldu, A.S., and Dun, M.D. (2020). Can Hemp Help? Low-THC Cannabis and Non-THC Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041033"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfab046","article-title":"Transcriptomic Changes and the Roles of Cannabinoid Receptors and PPARc in Developmental Toxicities Following Exposure to \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol","volume":"182","author":"Pandelides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14426","article-title":"Anti-tumour actions of cannabinoids","volume":"176","author":"Hinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39480","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603495200","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist-induced Apoptosis of Human Prostate Cancer Cells LNCaP Proceeds through Sustained Activation of ERK1\/2 Leading to G1 Cell Cycle Arrest","volume":"281","author":"Sarfaraz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4566","article-title":"Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits cell cycle progression in human breast cancer cells through Cdc2 regulation","volume":"66","author":"Caffarel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Bitar, S., and Gali-Muhtasib, H. (2019). The Role of the Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21(cip1\/waf1) in Targeting Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutics. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101475"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108865","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts anti-proliferative activity via a cannabinoid receptor 2-dependent mechanism in human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"108","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6638fje","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors as novel targets for the treatment of melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Carracedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, X.C., Werner, E., and Falasca, M. (2021). Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy and Its Regulation by Cannabinoids in Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061211"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/19\/1616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:04:15Z","timestamp":1760112255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/19\/1616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13191616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13191616","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]}}}