{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T21:57:18Z","timestamp":1768773438473,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation","award":["2018\/09868-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/09868-7"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation","award":["2019\/01942-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/01942-6"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation","award":["2022\/11249-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/11249-9"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation","award":["308955\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308955\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation","award":["403695\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403695\/2023-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2018\/09868-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/09868-7"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2019\/01942-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/01942-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2022\/11249-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/11249-9"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["308955\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308955\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["403695\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403695\/2023-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["2018\/09868-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/09868-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["2019\/01942-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/01942-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["2022\/11249-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/11249-9"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["308955\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308955\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["403695\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403695\/2023-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is associated with changes in intestinal morphology and the enteric nervous system. We previously reported constipation in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a non-obese model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim: The morpho-quantitative analysis of myenteric plexus neurons in the small and large intestines of 120-day-old male GK rats was investigated. Methods: The diabetes was confirmed by high fasting blood glucose levels. The myenteric plexus was evaluated through wholemount immunofluorescence. The morpho-quantitative analyses included evaluating neuronal density (neurons per ganglion) of the total neuronal population, the cholinergic and nitrergic subpopulations, and enteric glial cells per ganglion. The cell body area of 100 neurons per segment per animal was measured. Results: The total neurons and nitrergic subpopulation were unaltered in the GK rats\u2019 small and large intestines. The cholinergic subpopulation exhibited decreased density in the three segments of the small intestine and an increased number in the proximal colon of the GK rats. The number of enteric glial cells increased in the ileum of the GK rats, which could indicate enteric gliosis caused by the intestinal inflammatory state. The area of the cell body was increased in the total neuronal population of the jejunum and ileum of the GK rats. Frequency histograms of the cell body area distribution revealed the contribution of cholinergic neurons to larger areas in the jejunum and nitrergic neurons in the ileum. Conclusion: The constipation previously reported in GK rats might be explained by the decrease in the density of cholinergic neurons in the small intestine of this animal model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T04:00:04Z","timestamp":1727668804000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intestinal Motility Dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki Rats: Role of the Myenteric Plexus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Mand\u00fa","family":"Gimenes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2609-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joice Naiara Bertaglia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05585-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Borges da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8479-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alef Arag\u00e3o Carneiro dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6947-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Martins","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna de Oliveira","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5742-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vitoria Martins","family":"Scervino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania Cristina","family":"Pithon-Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro Massao","family":"Hirabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Gorj\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galv\u00e3o Bueno, 868, Liberdade, S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05585-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142022. Diabetes Care, 45, S17\u2013S38.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2659","article-title":"Clinical and Metabolic Characterization of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes by Age in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) Cohort","volume":"45","author":"Aroda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas, IDF Diabetes Atlas. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta-Martinez, M., and Cabail, M.Z. (2022). The PI3K\/Akt Pathway in Meta-Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315330"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01151.x","article-title":"The Inflammation Highway: Metabolism Accelerates Inflammatory Traffic in Obesity","volume":"249","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, S., Kwiatkowski, M., Govorukhina, N., Bischoff, R., and Melgert, B.N. (2021). Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.746151"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1945.51.80","article-title":"Spontaneous Diabetes Produced by Selective Breeding of Normal Wistar Rats","volume":"51","author":"Goto","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.119.85","article-title":"Production of Spontaneous Diabetic Rats by Repetition of Selective Breeding","volume":"119","author":"Goto","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwabara, W.M.T., Panveloski-Costa, A.C., Yokota, C.N.F., Pereira, J.N.B., Filho, J.M., Torres, R.P., Hirabara, S.M., Curi, R., and Alba-Loureiro, T.C. (2017). Comparison of Goto-Kakizaki Rats and High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats: Are They Reliable Models to Study Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189622"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serdan, T.D.A., Masi, L.N., Pereira, J.N.B., Rodrigues, L.E., Alecrim, A.L., Scervino, M.V.M., Diniz, V.L.S., dos Santos, A.A.C., Filho, C.P.B.S., and Alba-Loureiro, T.C. (2021). Impaired Brown Adipose Tissue Is Differentially Modulated in Insulin-Resistant Obese Wistar and Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats. Biomed. Pharmacother., 142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112019"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, J.C.O., Oliveira, V.A.B., Serdan, T.D.A., Silva, F.L.R., Santos, C.S., Pauferro, J.R.B., Ribas, A.S.F., Manoel, R., Pereira, A.C.G., and Correa, I.S. (2023). Brain Glucose Hypometabolism and Hippocampal Inflammation in Goto-Kakizaki Rats. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 56.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x2023e12742"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gimenes, G.M., Santana, G.O., Scervino, M.V.M., Curi, R., and Pereira, J.N.B. (2022). A Short Review on the Features of the Non-Obese Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rat Intestine. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 55.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x2022e11910"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14755","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14755","article-title":"Small Intestine Remodeling in Male Goto\u2013Kakizaki Rats","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-019-0072-2","article-title":"Intestinal Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Prevents Loss of Pancreatic \u03b2 Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Goto\u2013Kakizaki Rats","volume":"9","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01611.x","article-title":"Colonic Motor Dysfunction in Human Diabetes Is Associated with Enteric Neuronal Loss and Increased Oxidative Stress","volume":"23","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0182-y","article-title":"A Practical Approach to Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Maisey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i3.51","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Krishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2019.04.011","article-title":"Diabetes and the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"47","author":"Meldgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13234","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13234","article-title":"The First Brain: Species Comparisons and Evolutionary Implications for the Enteric and Central Nervous Systems","volume":"30","author":"Furness","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00127-2","article-title":"Types of Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System","volume":"81","author":"Furness","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.05.003","article-title":"The Organisation of the Autonomic Nervous System: Peripheral Connections","volume":"130","author":"Furness","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.32","article-title":"The Enteric Nervous System and Neurogastroenterology","volume":"9","author":"Furness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(00)00330-5","article-title":"The Control of Gut Motility","volume":"128","author":"Olsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.020","article-title":"Galanin Enhances Systemic Glucose Metabolism through Enteric Nitric Oxide Synthase-Expressed Neurons","volume":"10","author":"Abot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2022","article-title":"The Enteric Nervous System","volume":"103","author":"Sharkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22795","article-title":"The Enteric Glia: Identity and Functions","volume":"63","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00725","article-title":"Inflammation and Gut-Brain Axis during Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on the Crosstalk between Intestinal Immune Cells and Enteric Nervous System","volume":"12","author":"Bessac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.09.033","article-title":"High-Fat Diet During the Perinatal Period Induces Loss of Myenteric Nitrergic Neurons and Increases Enteric Glial Density, Prior to the Development of Obesity","volume":"393","author":"McMenamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.11.041","article-title":"Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Myenteric Neuronal Density and Sodium Channel Expression in the Rat Ileum","volume":"1708","author":"Brasileiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310230","article-title":"Apelin Targets Gut Contraction to Control Glucose Metabolism via the Brain","volume":"66","author":"Fournel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90489-1","article-title":"Cellular Proliferation in Proximal and Distal Rat Colon during 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Carcinogenesis","volume":"95","author":"McGarrity","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13523","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13523","article-title":"Acute Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Alters the Number of Neurons and the Proportion of Enteric Glial Cells in the Duodenum in Wistar Rats","volume":"31","author":"Trevizan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2020.0041","article-title":"Enteric Nervous System Remodeling in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study","volume":"1","author":"Bessard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1988.tb05320.x","article-title":"Some New, Simple and Efficient Stereological Methods and Their Use in Pathological Research and Diagnosis","volume":"96","author":"Gundersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201420130052","article-title":"Benefits of Caloric Restriction in the Myenteric Neuronal Plasticity in Aging Rats","volume":"86","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1681-z","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Ingestion Correlates with Neuropathy in the Duodenum Myenteric Plexus of Obese Mice with Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"354","author":"Kappmeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3402-1","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Promotes Neuronal Loss in the Myenteric Plexus of the Large Intestine in Mice","volume":"60","author":"Beraldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.12.013","article-title":"Immediate Insulin Treatment Prevents Gut Motility Alterations and Loss of Nitrergic Neurons in the Ileum and Colon of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes","volume":"80","author":"Wittman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v3.i5.80","article-title":"Diabetes-Related Alterations in the Enteric Nervous System and Its Microenvironment","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13838","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13838","article-title":"High-Fat Diet\u2013Induced Alterations to Gut Microbiota and Gut-Derived Lipoteichoic Acid Contributes to the Development of Enteric Neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Nyavor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2013.19.2.161","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Motility Changes and Myenteric Plexus Alterations in Spontaneously Diabetic Biobreeding Rats","volume":"19","author":"Demedts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gros, M., Gros, B., Mesonero, J.E., and Latorre, E. (2021). Neurotransmitter Dysfunction in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Emerging Approaches for Management. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153429"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-00791-1","article-title":"Constipation and Fecal Incontinence in the Elderly","volume":"22","author":"Deb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.228510","article-title":"Enteric Dysfunctions in Experimental Parkinsons Disease: Alterations of Excitatory Cholinergic Neurotransmission Regulating Colonic Motility in Rats","volume":"356","author":"Fornai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Wang, L., Chen, X., and Le, W. (2022). New Understanding on the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.917499"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"907","article-title":"Optogenetic Activation of Cholinergic Enteric Neurons Reduces Inflammation in Experimental Colitis","volume":"17","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMGH"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00206.2019","article-title":"MINI-REVIEW Neurogastroenterology and Motility Enteric Neuroplasticity and Dysmotility in Inflammatory Disease: Key Players and Possible Therapeutic Targets","volume":"317","author":"Spear","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00607.x","article-title":"Plasticity of the Enteric Nervous System during Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Lomax","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.02.025","article-title":"Enteric Neuroplasticity Evoked by Inflammation","volume":"126\u2013127","author":"Vasina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.030","article-title":"Resveratrol Promotes Neuroprotection and Attenuates Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in the Small Intestine in Diabetic Rats","volume":"105","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects of the Quercetin in the Jejunal Myenteric Innervation of Diabetic Rats","volume":"4","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2020.102759","article-title":"Protective Effects of Quercetin-Loaded Microcapsules on the Enteric Nervous System of Diabetic Rats","volume":"230","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901844R","article-title":"Colonic Dysmotility Associated with High-fat Diet-induced Obesity: Role of Enteric Glia","volume":"34","author":"Antonioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000667","article-title":"Enteric Glial Cells: A New Frontier in Neurogastroenterology and Clinical Target for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Turco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i10.1261","article-title":"S100B Protein in the Gut: The Evidence for Enteroglialsustained Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Cirillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137395","article-title":"Mini-Review: Enteric Glial Cell Reactions to Inflammation and Potential Therapeutic Implications for GI Diseases, Motility Disorders, and Abdominal Pain","volume":"812","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00016.2018","article-title":"The Multiple Faces of Inflammatory Enteric Glial Cells: Is Crohn\u2019s Disease a Gliopathy?","volume":"315","author":"Pochard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22036","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides Enhance the Action of Bradykinin in Enteric Neurons via Secretion of Interleukin-1\u03b2 from Enteric Glial Cells","volume":"87","author":"Murakami","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, D.V.S., Moura-Neto, V., Bolick, D.T., Guerrant, R.L., Fawad, J.A., Shin, J.H., Medeiros, P.H.Q.S., Ledwaba, S.E., Kolling, G.L., and Martins, C.S. (2021). S100B Inhibition Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Diarrhea Severity During Clostridioides Difficile Infection by Modulating Inflammatory Response. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.739874"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i4.662","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End-Product Expression Is Upregulated in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, L., Szymaszkiewicz, A., Zieli\u0144ska, M., and Abalo, R. (2021). Nutraceuticals and Enteric Glial Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123762"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827301","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3827301","article-title":"Diabetic Enteropathy: From Molecule to Mechanism-Based Treatment","volume":"2018","author":"Meldgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10305","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-23-10305.1999","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Glucoresponsive Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran, A.W., Al-Rammahi, M.A., Batchelor, D.J., Bravo, D.M., and Shirazi-Beechey, S.P. (2018). Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and the Enteric Nervous System Are Components of Cell-Cell Communication Pathway Regulating Intestinal Na+\/Glucose Co-Transport. Front. Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00101"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284819852047","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819852047","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetic Gastroenteropathy","volume":"12","author":"Meldgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110905","article-title":"Chronic Constipation and Its Associated Factors in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"204","author":"Diress","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/19\/1626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:06:10Z","timestamp":1760112370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/19\/1626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13191626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13191626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]}}}