{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:57:21Z","timestamp":1777485441514,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["236177352-CRC1116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["236177352-CRC1116"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["397484323-CRC\/TRR259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["397484323-CRC\/TRR259"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Research Commission of the Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University","award":["236177352-CRC1116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["236177352-CRC1116"]}]},{"name":"Research Commission of the Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University","award":["397484323-CRC\/TRR259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["397484323-CRC\/TRR259"]}]},{"name":"Research Commission of the Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University","award":["2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Determination of infarct and scar size following myocardial infarction (MI) is commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of potential cardioprotective treatments in animal models. However, histological methods to determine morphological features in the infarcted heart have barely improved since implementation while still consuming large parts of the tissue and offering little options for parallel analyses. We aim to develop a new fluorescence technology for determining infarct area and area at risk that is comparable to 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining but allows for multiple analyses on the same heart tissue. For early and late time points following MI, we compared classical histochemical approaches with fluorescence staining methods. Reperfused MI was induced in male mice, the hearts were extracted 24 h, 7-, 21-, or 28-days later and fluorescently stained by combining Hoechst and phalloidin. This approach allowed for clear visualization of the infarct area, the area at ischemic risk and the remote area not affected by MI. The combined fluorescence staining correlated with the classic TTC\/Evans Blue staining 24 h after MI (r = 0.8334). In later phases (&gt;7 d) post-MI, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is equally accurate as classical Sirius Red (r = 0.9752), Masson\u2019s (r = 0.9920) and Gomori\u2019s Trichrome (r = 0.8082) staining for determination of scar size. Additionally, feasibility to co-localize fluorescence-stained immune cells in specific regions of the infarcted myocardium was demonstrated with this protocol. In conclusion, this new procedure for determination of post-MI infarct size is not inferior to classical TTC staining, yet provides substantial benefits, including the option for unbiased software-assisted analysis while sparing ample residual tissue for additional analyses. Overall, this enhances the data quality and reduces the required animal numbers consistent with the 3R concept of animal experimentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T08:09:52Z","timestamp":1727683792000},"page":"1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Novel Fluorescence-Based Methods to Determine Infarct and Scar Size in Murine Models of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Duplessis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5334-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christin","family":"Elster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6649-9729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4075-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madlen","family":"Kaldirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-250X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute D\u00fcsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Grandoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute D\u00fcsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0060-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute D\u00fcsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Pfeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4546-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Gerdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute D\u00fcsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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