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therapies pre-clinically. However, until now, it was not clear whether interactions between the mouse major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and\/or the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) were necessary for human T-cell development and immune reactivity. Methods: We evaluated the long-term (20-week) human hematopoiesis and human T-cell development in NOD Scid Gamma (NSG) mice lacking the expression of MHC class I and II (NSG-DKO). Triplicate experiments were performed with HPCs obtained from three donors, and humanization was confirmed in the reference strain NOD Rag Gamma (NRG). Further, we tested whether humanized NSG-DKO mice would respond to a lentiviral vector (LV) systemic delivery of HLA-A*02:01, HLA-DRB1*04:01, human GM-CSF\/IFN-\u03b1, and the human cytomegalovirus gB antigen. Results: Human immune reconstitution was detectable in peripheral blood from 8 to 20 weeks after the transplantation of NSG-DKO. Human single positive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were detectable in lymphatic tissues (thymus, bone marrow, and spleen). LV delivery harnessed the detection of lymphocyte subsets in bone marrow (\u03b1\u03b2 and \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells and NK cells) and the expression of HLA-DR. Furthermore, RNA sequencing showed that LV delivery increased the expression of different human reactome pathways, such as defense responses to other organisms and viruses. Conclusions: Human T-cell development and reactivity are independent of the expression of murine MHCs in humanized mice. Therefore, humanized NSG-DKO is a promising new model for studying human immune responses, as it abrogates the xenograft mouse MHC interference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13201686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T05:47:58Z","timestamp":1728884878000},"page":"1686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-Term Human Immune Reconstitution, T-Cell Development, and Immune Reactivity in Mice Lacking the Murine Major Histocompatibility Complex: Validation with Cellular and Gene Expression Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milita","family":"Darguzyte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Immune-Oncology, Cancer Research Center Cologne-Essen (CCCE), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne D\u00fcsseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9600-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Antczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department II of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, 50931 Cologne, 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