{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:28:34Z","timestamp":1785529714194,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/1-107-03\/503-11-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-107-03\/503-11-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>17\u03b2-estradiol plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes in both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, including the thyroid gland. It modulates oxidative stress and contributes to sexual dimorphism in thyroid diseases, with ROS production, particularly H2O2, generated by NOX\/DUOX enzymes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol (10 nM or 100 nM) on the expression of NOX\/DUOX, thyroid-specific genes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes in male and female porcine thyroid follicular cells. Expression of the studied genes was evaluated by RT-PCR before and after treatment with 17\u03b2-estradiol alone or with the addition of NOX4 inhibitor (GKT-136901). Additionally, the level of ROS was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Our results show that 17\u03b2-estradiol significantly upregulates thyroid-specific genes, particularly TPO, and stimulates NOX\/DUOX expression, affecting the redox state of thyroid cells. It also stimulates ER stress-related genes such as CHOP. In conclusion, estrogen excess may contribute to thyroid disease development via such possible mechanisms as the upregulation of key thyroid-specific genes, particularly TPO, and of genes involved in the cellular response to ER stress, especially CHOP, as well as by the stimulation of the NOX\/DUOX system with consequent ROS overproduction. These mechanisms may play a certain role in the higher prevalence of thyroid diseases in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13211769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1730092042000},"page":"1769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["17\u03b2-Estradiol Stimulates Oxidative Stress Components and Thyroid Specific Genes in Porcine Thyroid Follicular Cells: Potential Differences Between Sexes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"St\u0119pniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Karbownik-Lewi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2016.49.9.141","article-title":"Extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and function","volume":"49","author":"Barakat","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-100920","article-title":"Estradiol: A Steroid with Multiple Facets","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. 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