{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:15:53Z","timestamp":1784837753804,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Minister of Science","award":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"]}]},{"name":"The Minister of Science","award":["PL-TW II\/4\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL-TW II\/4\/2015"]}]},{"name":"The Minister of Science","award":["61.610.001-300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61.610.001-300"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development in Poland","award":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development in Poland","award":["PL-TW II\/4\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL-TW II\/4\/2015"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development in Poland","award":["61.610.001-300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61.610.001-300"]}]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","award":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Regional Initiative of Excellence Program"]}]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","award":["PL-TW II\/4\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL-TW II\/4\/2015"]}]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","award":["61.610.001-300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61.610.001-300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hypertension is a major cause of mortality worldwide. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid volume. The relationship between the kidneys and hypertension is complex, involving factors such as the renin\u2013angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This study aims to assess the levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and metabolic factors in the kidneys, focusing on their potential role in early renal damage and their association with the development of hypertension. Methods: This study was designed to compare the levels of selected inflammatory markers, e.g., interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), transforming growth factor, and serine\/threonine-protein (mTOR); oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl group, and glucose (GLC); and metabolic markers among other enzymes, such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), hexokinase II (HK-II), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1), as well as creatinine in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR\/NCrl, n = 12) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY\/NCrl, n = 12). Both juvenile (5 weeks old) and maturing (10 weeks old) specimens were examined using spectrophotometric methods, e.g., ELISA. Results: Juvenile SHRs exhibited reduced renal levels of all studied cytokines and chemokines, with lower oxidative stress and deficits in the mTOR and HK-II levels compared to the age-matched WKYs. Maturing SHRs showed increased renal levels of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-\u03b1, alongside elevated carbonyl stress and increased HIF-1\u03b1 as opposed to their control peers. The levels of all other studied markers were normalized in these animals, except for ALT (increased), ALP, and GLC (both reduced). Conclusions: This study underscores the significant impact of inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic marker changes on renal function. Juvenile SHRs display lower marker levels, indicating an immature immune response and potential subclinical kidney damage that may contribute to hypertension development. In contrast, mature SHRs exhibit chronic inflammation, oxidative dysregulation, and metabolic disturbances, suggesting cellular damage. These changes create a feedback loop that worsens kidney function and accelerates hypertension progression, highlighting the kidneys\u2019 crucial role in both initiating and exacerbating this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13211771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1730092042000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Renal Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Abnormalities During the Initial Stages of Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wojtacha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska Av, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Bogda\u0144ska-Chomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5818-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz Krzysztof","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazimierz","family":"Obremski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13\/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6304-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142 Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska Av, 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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