{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1790981006848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) represent a broad range of diseases with differing mechanisms, clinical presentations, and prognoses. With an estimated prevalence of between 4 and 60 per 10,000 births, CAKUT represents a sizable number of patients for pediatric and adult nephrologists as therapies have progressed, allowing longer life spans. Many CAKUT disorders are associated with genetic mutations, and with advances in genomic sequencing, these genes are being identified at an increasing rate. Understanding these mutations provides insight into these conditions\u2019 molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology, presentation, and outcomes of CAKUT in addition to our current understanding of genetic and molecular mechanisms in these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:01:27Z","timestamp":1731312087000},"page":"1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pathophysiology of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Brockwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2235-5613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Hergenrother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2886-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Satariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghav","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3892-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupesh","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akron Nephrology Associates, Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH 44307, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Akron Children\u2019s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12581019","article-title":"A Primer on Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tracts (CAKUT)","volume":"15","author":"Murugapoopathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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