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This review explores the molecular mechanisms and biological significance of SMC-mediated loop extrusion complexes, including cohesin, condensins, and SMC5\/6, focusing on their structure, their dynamic function during the cell cycle, and their impact on chromatin architecture. We discuss the implications of impairments in loop extrusion machinery as observed in experimental models and human diseases. Mutations affecting these complexes are linked to various developmental disorders and cancer, highlighting their importance in genome stability and transcriptional regulation. Advances in model systems and genomic techniques have provided deeper insights into the pathological roles of SMC complex dysfunction, offering potential therapeutic avenues for associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T05:36:45Z","timestamp":1731908205000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Loop Extrusion Machinery Impairments in Models and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Ryzhkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Maltseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0611-0203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nariman","family":"Battulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2833-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Kabirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)80007-6","article-title":"Cohesins: Chromosomal Proteins That Prevent Premature Separation of Sister Chromatids","volume":"91","author":"Michaelis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80233-0","article-title":"Condensins, Chromosome Condensation Protein Complexes Containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a Xenopus Homolog of the Drosophila Barren Protein","volume":"89","author":"Hirano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.022","article-title":"Genome-Wide Generation and Systematic Phenotyping of Knockout Mice Reveals New Roles for Many Genes","volume":"154","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawauchi, S., Calof, A.L., Santos, R., Lopez-Burks, M.E., Young, C.M., Hoang, M.P., Chua, A., Lao, T., Lechner, M.S., and Daniel, J.A. 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