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BC accounts for an estimated 500,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths worldwide every year. Understanding the biology of BC has changed how this disease is diagnosed and treated. Bladder cancer is highly immunogenic, involving innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Although little is still known of how immune cells respond to BC, immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) remains the gold standard in high-risk non-muscle invasive BC. For muscle-invasive BC and metastatic stages, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 have emerged as potent therapies, enhancing immune surveillance and tumor cell elimination. This review aims to unravel the immune responses involving innate and adaptive immune cells in BC that will contribute to establishing new and promising therapeutic options, while reviewing the immunotherapies currently in use in bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1732257708000},"page":"1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploring the Immunoresponse in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Ruiz-Lorente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital (HCUVA), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Do\u00f1ate I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Service, Los Arcos Hospital, 30739 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Luis","family":"Guzm\u00e1n Mart\u00ednez-Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Service, Reina Sof\u00eda Hospital, 14004 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Server","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinical Hospital (HCUVA), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F\u00e9lix","family":"Escudero-Bregante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Service, 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