{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T17:35:38Z","timestamp":1787420138819,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ORIEN FOUNDATION NOVA (New Oncologic Visionary Award)","award":["69-21295-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69-21295-01-01"]}]},{"name":"Community Foundation of Tampa Bay","award":["69-21295-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69-21295-01-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Solid tumors vary by the immunogenic potential of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the likelihood of response to immunotherapy. The emerging literature has identified key immune cell populations that significantly impact immune activation or suppression within the TME. This study investigated candidate T-cell populations and their differential infiltration within different tumor types as estimated from mRNA co-expression levels of the corresponding cellular markers. Methods: We analyzed the mRNA co-expression levels of cellular biomarkers that define stem-like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tissue-resident memory T-cells (TRM), early dysfunctional T-cells, late dysfunctional T-cells, activated-potentially anti-tumor (APA) T-cells and Butyrophilin 3A (BTN3A) isoforms, utilizing clinical and transcriptomic data from 1892 patients diagnosed with melanoma, bladder, ovarian, or pancreatic carcinomas. Real-world data were collected under the Total Cancer Care Protocol and the Avatar\u00ae project (NCT03977402) across 18 cancer centers. Furthermore, we compared the survival outcomes following immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) based on immune cell gene expression. Results: In melanoma and bladder cancer, the estimated infiltration of APA T-cells differed significantly (p = 4.67 \u00d7 10\u221212 and p = 5.80 \u00d7 10\u221212, respectively) compared to ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Ovarian cancer had lower TRM T-cell infiltration than melanoma, bladder, and pancreatic (p = 2.23 \u00d7 10\u22128, 3.86 \u00d7 10\u221228, and 7.85 \u00d7 10\u22129, respectively). Similar trends were noted with stem-like, early, and late dysfunctional T-cells. Melanoma and ovarian expressed BTN3A isoforms more than other malignancies. Higher densities of stem-like TILs; TRM, early and late dysfunctional T-cells; APA T-cells; and BTN3A isoforms were associated with increased survival in melanoma (p = 0.0075, 0.00059, 0.013, 0.005, 0.0016, and 0.041, respectively). The TRM gene signature was a moderate predictor of survival in the melanoma cohort (AUROC = 0.65), with similar findings in testing independent public datasets of ICI-treated patients with melanoma (AUROC 0.61\u20130.64). Conclusions: Key cellular elements related to immune activation are more heavily infiltrated within ICI-responsive versus non-responsive malignancies, supporting a central role in anti-tumor immunity. In melanoma patients treated with ICIs, higher densities of stem-like TILs, TRM T-cells, early dysfunctional T-cells, late dysfunctional T-cells, APA T-cells, and BTN3A isoforms were associated with improved survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T09:18:32Z","timestamp":1733217512000},"page":"1993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential Infiltration of Key Immune T-Cell Populations Across Malignancies Varying by Immunogenic Potential and the Likelihood of Response to Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6387-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Islam","family":"Eljilany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aik","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"McCarter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Carpten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4027-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard","family":"Colman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Naqash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma University Health Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Puzanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6542-9551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Churchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aster Insights, Hudson, FL 34667, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Spakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodour","family":"Salhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7067-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Marin-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shridar","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0782-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakrosh","family":"Ratan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Shriver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Falls Church, VA 22042-5101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cutaneous Oncology, H. 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