{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:26:41Z","timestamp":1789414001186,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001232-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001232-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal endothelium cells (CECs) regulate corneal hydration between the leaky barrier of the corneal endothelium and the ionic pumps on the surface of CECs. As CECs do not regenerate, loss of CECs leads to poor vision and corneal blindness. Corneal transplant is the only treatment option; however, there is a severe shortage of donor corneas globally. Cell therapy using propagated primary human CECs is an alternative approach to corneal transplantations, and proof of functionality is crucial for validating such CECs. Expression markers like Na-K-ATPase and ZO-1 are typical but not specific to CECs. Assessing the barrier function of the expanded CECs via electrical resistance (i.e., TEER and Ussing\u2019s chamber) involves difficult techniques and is thus impractical for clinical application. Calcium has been demonstrated to affect the paracellular permeability of the corneal endothelium. Its absence alters morphology and disrupts apical junctions in bovine CECs, underscoring its importance. Calcium signaling patterns such as calcium waves affect the rate of wound healing in bovine CECs. Therefore, observing calcium waves in expanded CECs could provide valuable insights into their health and functional integrity. Mechanical or chemical stimulations, combined with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dyes and time-lapse imaging, can be used to visualize these waves, which could potentially be used to qualify expanded CECs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13232012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T11:27:53Z","timestamp":1733398073000},"page":"2012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Towards Clinical Application: Calcium Waves for In Vitro Qualitative Assessment of Propagated Primary Human Corneal Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiao Yu","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Peh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Eye-Academic Clinical Program (ACP), Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Morales-Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Le\u00f3n (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Health Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4335-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poh Loong","family":"Soong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ternion Biosciences, Singapore 574329, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Han","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ternion Biosciences, Singapore 574329, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Eye-Academic Clinical Program (ACP), Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200005000-00002","article-title":"The resiliency of the corneal endothelium to refractive and intraocular surgery","volume":"19","author":"Edelhauser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(01)00007-6","article-title":"Characteristics of the human ocular surface epithelium","volume":"20","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. 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