{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:31:06Z","timestamp":1782930666663,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["BR 3666\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR 3666\/6-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The brain is protected from invading pathogens by the blood\u2212brain barrier (BBB) and the innate immune system. Pattern recognition receptors play a crucial role in detecting bacteria and initiating the innate immune response. Among these are G-protein-coupled formyl peptide receptors (FPR), which are expressed by immune cells in the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the influence of the FPR ligand Ac2-26 on the integrity of the BBB during pneumococcal meningitis. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and Fpr1- and Fpr2-deficient mice were intrathecally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Subsequently, different groups of mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of Ac2-26. The integrity of the BBB was analyzed using various markers through immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results: The results showed reduced BBB integrity during the course of bacterial meningitis. Treatment with Ac2-26 in WT mice significantly prolonged the maintenance of BBB integrity. However, this effect was not observed in Fpr2-deficient mice. Conclusions: This study extends previous findings on the anti-inflammatory properties of Ac2-26 by demonstrating that Ac2-26 positively affects BBB integrity via FPR2 during pneumococcal meningitis. These findings suggest that further investigation of Ac2-26 and other FPR modulators as potential therapies for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced meningitis is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13242104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T03:59:43Z","timestamp":1734580783000},"page":"2104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Formyl Peptid Receptor Ligand Ac2-26 Improves the Integrity of the Blood\u2212Brain Barrier in the Course of Pneumococcal Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Deutloff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"P\u00f6hner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"R\u00f6\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5043-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone C.","family":"Tauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-8153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars-Ove","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Gertrudenstra\u00dfe 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00093-6","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis","volume":"121","author":"Heckenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. 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