{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:27:02Z","timestamp":1793158022573,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003645","name":"National Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCC-2210750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCC-2210750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003645","name":"National Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCC-2212500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCC-2212500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metastasis is a leading cause of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)-related mortality and presents significant challenges for treatment. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, has an unclear role in LUAD progression. This study aimed to investigate the function and underlying mechanisms of GRPR in LUAD metastasis. Our findings revealed that GRPR levels were significantly elevated in tumor tissues, and higher GRPR expression was associated with worse overall survival outcomes. Functional assays demonstrated that GRPR overexpression enhanced LUAD cell invasion, while GRPR knockdown inhibited invasion both in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified an enrichment of metastasis-promoting genes in GRPR-overexpressing cells, with CRABP2 and FNDC4 emerging as key targets. Clinical analyses further confirmed a positive correlation between GRPR expression and the levels of CRABP2 and FNDC4 in LUAD patients. These results suggest that GRPR could serve as both a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target to inhibit metastasis in LUAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13242128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T05:58:27Z","timestamp":1734933507000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["GRPR Drives Metastasis via CRABP2 and FNDC4 Pathways in Lung Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dong-Gun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Therapy Branch, Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Therapy Branch, Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Mi","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Therapy Branch, Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Targeted Therapy Branch, Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2082-3","article-title":"Agmatinase promotes the lung adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis by activating the NO-MAPKs-PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615575","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6615575","article-title":"Genomic Mutations of Primary and Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma in Chinese Patients","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32217","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032217","article-title":"Prognostic factors and survival prediction for patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: A population-based study","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Adams, J.U., and O\u2019Connor, C. (2014). G-protein-coupled receptors play many different roles in eukaryotic cell signaling. Essent. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2011.187","article-title":"Ice breaking in GPCR structural biology","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3320","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors: Novel targets for drug discovery in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Lappano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.178","article-title":"Trends in GPCR drug discovery: New agents, targets and indications","volume":"16","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2069","article-title":"G-protein-coupled receptors and cancer","volume":"7","author":"Dorsam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"10","article-title":"Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors","volume":"47","author":"Benya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.107.07108","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: Nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states","volume":"60","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-024-00658-y","article-title":"Advances of radiolabeled GRPR ligands for PET\/CT imaging of cancers","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2019.04.005","article-title":"Bombesin conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles for improved delivery of epigallocatechin gallate for breast cancer treatment","volume":"224","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4953","article-title":"Bombesin\/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor: A potential target for antibody-mediated therapy of small cell lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-017-1151-1","article-title":"Prostate Cancer Theranostics Targeting Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptors","volume":"20","author":"Baratto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12594","article-title":"Expression and function of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in normal and cancerous urological tissues","volume":"113","author":"Ischia","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0466","article-title":"C-terminal fragments of the gastrin-releasing peptide precursor stimulate cell proliferation via a novel receptor","volume":"148","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(20000301)42:4<295::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Presence of receptors for bombesin\/gastrin-releasing peptide and mRNA for three receptor subtypes in human prostate cancers","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.188011","article-title":"Expression of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor in Breast Cancer and Its Association with Pathologic, Biologic, and Clinical Parameters: A Study of 1,432 Primary Tumors","volume":"58","author":"Morgat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0588-2","article-title":"LCE: An open web portal to explore gene expression and clinical associations in lung cancer","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16257","article-title":"Transcriptome-level discovery of survival-associated biomarkers and therapy targets in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"181","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3122","article-title":"StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads","volume":"33","author":"Pertea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.095","article-title":"Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown","volume":"11","author":"Pertea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Huber, W., and Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110996109","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) mediates chemotaxis in neutrophils","volume":"109","author":"Czepielewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01996-4","article-title":"Nonpeptide gastrin releasing peptide receptor antagonists inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells","volume":"474","author":"Moody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42749","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.293464","article-title":"Nuclear translocation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II is regulated by retinoic acid-controlled SUMOylation","volume":"286","author":"Majumdar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11314","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11314","article-title":"FNDC4 acts as an anti-inflammatory factor on macrophages and improves colitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Bosma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52432","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14194","article-title":"CRABP-II enhances pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion by stabilizing interleukin 8 expression","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.-I., Lin, Y.-P., Tseng, C.-W., Chen, H.-J., and Wang, L.-H. (2019). Crabp2 Promotes Metastasis of Lung Cancer Cells via HuR and Integrin \u03b21\/FAK\/ERK Signaling. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37443-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7242","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4225","article-title":"FNDC4 acts as an extracellular factor to promote the invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma partly via the PI3K\/Akt signalling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02688-7","article-title":"Correlation of the prognostic value of FNDC4 in glioblastoma with macrophage polarization","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3282f3709b","article-title":"Bombesin-related peptides and their receptors: Recent advances in their role in physiology and disease states","volume":"15","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaeger, N., Czepielewski, R.S., Bagatini, M., Porto, B.N., and Bonorino, C. (2017). Neuropeptide gastrin-releasing peptide induces PI3K\/reactive oxygen species\u2013dependent migration in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Tumor Biol., 39.","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317694321"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.01.016","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide activates Akt through the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway and abrogates the effect of gefitinib","volume":"313","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.07.008","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor increase arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes invasiveness through activating the PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"95","author":"Clarimundo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.51.1.15","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2001","volume":"51","author":"Greenlee","year":"2001","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200201103460211","article-title":"Lung Cancer-Time to Move on from Chemotherapy","volume":"346","author":"Carney","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0679-OA","article-title":"Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Expression in Lung Cancer","volume":"138","author":"Mattei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.10.246","article-title":"Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Akbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2012.7","article-title":"Influence of GRPR and BDNF\/TrkB signaling on the viability of breast and gynecologic cancer cells","volume":"1","author":"Cornelio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.234971","article-title":"Imaging the Distribution of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptors in Cancer","volume":"61","author":"Baratto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.114.093914","article-title":"G\u03b113\/PDZ-RhoGEF\/RhoA signaling is essential for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-mediated colon cancer cell migration","volume":"86","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-013-9719-9","article-title":"New Treatment Options for Lung Adenocarcinoma\u2013in View of Molecular Background","volume":"20","author":"Bittner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0753-3322(94)90007-8","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of bombesin\/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists RC-3950-II and RC-3095 on MCF-7 MIII human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice","volume":"48","author":"Shirahige","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910550615","article-title":"Effect of somatostatin analog RC-160 and bombesin\/gastrin releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 on growth of PC-3 human prostate-cancer xenografts in nude mice","volume":"55","author":"Pinski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540220","article-title":"Effect of bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)(14\u201327) and bombesin\/GRP receptor antagonist RC-3095 on growth of nitrosamine-induced pancreatic cancers in hamsters","volume":"54","author":"Szepeshazi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.3.956","article-title":"Reduction in receptors for bombesin and epidermal growth factor in xenografts of human small-cell lung cancer after treatment with bombesin antagonist RC-3095","volume":"94","author":"Halmos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(98)00462-4","article-title":"PD 176252-The first high affinity non-peptide gastrin-releasing peptide (BB2) receptor antagonist","volume":"8","author":"Ashwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioorga. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, F., Qiao, J., Xue, S., Yang, H., Patel, A., Wei, L., Hekmatyar, K., Salarian, M., Grossniklaus, H.E., and Liu, Z.-R. (2015). GRPR-targeted Protein Contrast Agents for Molecular Imaging of Receptor Expression in Cancers by MRI. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16214"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320301","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2320301","article-title":"Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in prostate cancer","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abouzayed, A., Tano, H., Nagy, \u00c1., Rinne, S.S., Wadeea, F., Kumar, S., Westerlund, K., Tolmachev, V., Eriksson Karlstr\u00f6m, A., and Orlova, A. (2020). Preclinical Evaluation of the GRPR-Targeting Antagonist RM26 Conjugated to the Albumin-Binding Domain for GRPR-Targeting Therapy of Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12100977"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-024-00242-6","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of new GRPR-antagonists with improved metabolic stability for radiotheranostic use in oncology","volume":"9","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209856","article-title":"Bombesin induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells and enhances cell migration in Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells","volume":"26","author":"Corral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27562","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.39.27562","article-title":"Galpha(13) stimulates Rho-dependent activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter","volume":"274","author":"Slice","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(01)00433-8","article-title":"GRP-receptor-mediated signal transduction, gene expression and DNA synthesis in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line HPAF","volume":"22","author":"Burghardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, S., Xu, Z., Liang, Q., Thakur, A., Liu, Y., Zhou, S., and Yan, Y. (2023). The prognostic gene CRABP2 affects drug sensitivity by regulating docetaxel-induced apoptosis in breast invasive carcinoma: A pan-cancer analysis. Chem. Biol. Interact., 373.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110372"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1345-2","article-title":"CRABP2 regulates invasion and metastasis of breast cancer through hippo pathway dependent on ER status","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2023.042345","article-title":"CRABP2 regulates infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune response in melanoma","volume":"32","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06398-4","article-title":"CRABP2 affects chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer by regulating the expression of HIF1\u03b1","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204183","article-title":"Autocrine and paracrine signaling through neuropeptide receptors in human cancer","volume":"20","author":"Heasley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01678-3","article-title":"G-protein-coupled receptors and signaling networks: Emerging paradigms","volume":"22","author":"Marinissen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.142","article-title":"Uncovering potential downstream targets of oncogenic GRPR overexpression in prostate carcinomas harboring ETS rearrangements","volume":"2","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., Dirnagl, U., and Emerson, M. (2020). Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/24\/2128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1760115489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/24\/2128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13242128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13242128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]}}}