{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T20:10:03Z","timestamp":1787688603453,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AIRC","award":["23146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Haematological malignancies comprise a diverse group of life-threatening systemic diseases, including leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Currently available therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and CAR-T cells, are often associated with important side effects and with the development of drug resistance and, consequently, disease relapse. In the last decades, it was largely demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment significantly affects cancer cell proliferation and tumor response to treatment. The development of biomimetic, in vitro models may promote the investigation of the interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment and may help to better understand the mechanisms leading to drug resistance. Although advanced in vitro models have been largely explored in the field of solid tumors, due to the complex nature of the blood cancer tumor microenvironment, the mimicking of haematological malignancies mostly relies on simpler systems, often limited to two-dimensional cell culture, which intrinsically excludes the microenvironmental niche, or to ethically debated animal models. This review aims at reporting an updated overview of state-of-the-art hematological malignancies 3D in vitro models, emphasizing the key features and limitations of existing systems to inspire further research in this underexplored field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T07:44:53Z","timestamp":1735803893000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["In Vitro 3D Models of Haematological Malignancies: Current Trends and the Road Ahead?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6483-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Mattioda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1324-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Voena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ciardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Mattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02670-0","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"24","author":"Hani","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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