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Addressing this task is challenging and complex since pregnant women display multiple confounding factors that make it difficult to identify the real effect of cannabinoids\u2019 consumption. Recent studies shed light on this issue by using pluripotent stem cells of human origin, which can recapitulate human neurodevelopment. These revolutionary platforms allow studying how exogenous cannabinoids could alter human neurodevelopment without ethical concerns and confounding factors. Here, we review the information to date on the clinical studies about the impact of exogenous cannabinoid consumption on human brain development and how exogenous cannabinoids alter nervous system development in humans using cultured pluripotent stem cells as 2D and 3D platforms to recapitulate brain development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T05:06:34Z","timestamp":1736226394000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling the Effect of Cannabinoid Exposure During Human Neurodevelopment Using Bidimensional and Tridimensional Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Estudillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Reprogramaci\u00f3n Celular, Instituto 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Rangel-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Reprogramaci\u00f3n Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ornelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital Nacional Homeop\u00e1tico, Hospitales Federales de Referencia, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Maga\u00f1a-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Reprogramaci\u00f3n Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Adalid-Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Reprogramaci\u00f3n Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8953-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Reprogramaci\u00f3n Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itzel","family":"Escobedo-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17225","article-title":"Trends in Self-Reported and Biochemically Tested Marijuana Use Among Pregnant Females in California from 2009\u20132016","volume":"318","author":"Tucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00020-4","article-title":"Preferential Limbic Expression of the Cannabinoid Receptor MRNA in the Human 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