{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:08:17Z","timestamp":1790813297141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH134389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH134389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI078859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI078859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI074410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI074410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI127351-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI127351-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI043894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI043894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS099029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS099029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As of 2023, there were 39.9 million people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Although great strides have been made in treatment options for HIV-1, and our understanding of the HIV-1 life cycle has vastly improved since the start of this global health crisis, a functional cure remains elusive. One of the main barriers to a cure is latency, which allows the virus to persist despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Recently, we have found that exosomes, which are small, membrane-enclosed particles released by virtually all cell types and known to mediate intercellular communication, caused an increase in RNA Polymerase II loading onto the HIV-1 promoter. This resulted in the production of both short- and long-length viral transcripts in infected cells under cART. This current study examines the effects of exosome-associated kinases on bystander cells. The phospho-kinase profiling of exosomes revealed differences in the kinase payload of exosomes derived from uninfected and HIV-1-infected cells, with CDK10, GSK3\u03b2, and MAPK8 having the largest concentration differences. These kinases were shown to be biologically active and capable of phosphorylating substrates, and they modulated changes in the cell cycle dynamics of exposed cells. Given the relevance of such effects for the immune response, our results implicate exosome-associated kinases as new possible key contributors to HIV-1 pathogenesis that affect bystander cells. These findings may guide new therapeutic avenues to improve the current antiretroviral treatment regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T09:01:02Z","timestamp":1736931662000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Kinases in Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1-Infected Cells on Bystander Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gifty A.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9049-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3842-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Khatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8658-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriy","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2131-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Duverger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Branscome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajal","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Kutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatah","family":"Kashanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, November 14). HIV Data and Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes\/hiv\/strategic-information\/hiv-data-and-statistics."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, December 01). The Burden of HIV: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23660576-the-burden-of-hiv-insights-from-the-global-burden-of-disease-study-2010\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3390\/v6041837","article-title":"HIV-1 Latency in Monocytes\/Macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.17.1627","article-title":"Residual HIV-1 RNA in Blood Plasma of Patients Taking Suppressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"282","author":"Dornadula","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609057113","article-title":"Defective HIV-1 Proviruses Produce Novel Protein-Coding RNA Species in HIV-Infected Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"113","author":"Imamichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Rashed, M., Bayraktar, E., K Helal, G., Abd-Ellah, M.F., Amero, P., Chavez-Reyes, A., and Rodriguez-Aguayo, C. (2017). Exosomes: From Garbage Bins to Promising Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030538"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11682","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.793521","article-title":"Exosomes from Uninfected Cells Activate Transcription of Latent HIV-1","volume":"292","author":"Barclay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barclay, R.A., Mensah, G.A., Cowen, M., DeMarino, C., Kim, Y., Pinto, D.O., Erickson, J., and Kashanchi, F. (2020). Extracellular Vesicle Activation of Latent HIV-1 Is Driven by EV-Associated c-Src and Cellular SRC-1 via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060665"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00801","article-title":"The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase P110\u03b1\/PTEN Signaling Pathway Is Crucial for HIV-1 Entry","volume":"42","author":"Hamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07024.x","article-title":"Proline-Rich (PxxP) Motifs in HIV-1 Nef Bind to SH3 Domains of a Subset of Src Kinases and Are Required for the Enhanced Growth of Nef+ Viruses but Not for down-Regulation of CD4","volume":"14","author":"Saksela","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204295","article-title":"Cdk10, a Cdc2-Related Kinase, Associates with the Ets2 Transcription Factor and Modulates Its Transactivation Activity","volume":"20","author":"Kasten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.03.025","article-title":"Inhibition of Tat-Mediated HIV-1 Replication and Neurotoxicity by Novel GSK3-Beta Inhibitors","volume":"415","author":"Guendel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-45","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr Stimulates NF-\u03baB and AP-1 Signaling by Activating TAK1","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00676-0","article-title":"HIV-1, Vpr and the Cell Cycle","volume":"6","author":"Emerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1951896","article-title":"Preserving Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications: Consideration of Storage Stability before and after Isolation","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMarino, C., Pleet, M.L., Cowen, M., Barclay, R.A., Akpamagbo, Y., Erickson, J., Ndembe, N., Charurat, M., Jumare, J., and Bwala, S. (2018). Antiretroviral Drugs Alter the Content of Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-1-Infected Cells. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25943-2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02682-13","article-title":"Kinase Control of Latent HIV-1 Infection: PIM-1 Kinase as a Major Contributor to HIV-1 Reactivation","volume":"88","author":"Duverger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15394","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8190","article-title":"Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+\/Mn2+-Dependent 1A Controls the Innate Antiviral and Antibacterial Response of Macrophages during HIV-1 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlin, E., Greer, B., Lowman, K., Duverger, A., Wagner, F., Moylan, D., Dalecki, A., Samuel, S., Perez, M., and Sabbaj, S. (2021). Extensive Proteomic and Transcriptomic Changes Quench the TCR\/CD3 Activation Signal of Latently HIV-1 Infected T Cells. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.29.177394"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.06.007","article-title":"Use of ATP Analogs to Inhibit HIV-1 Transcription","volume":"432","author":"Narayanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21882","article-title":"Regulation of HIV-1 Transcription at 3% versus 21% Oxygen Concentration","volume":"221","author":"Charles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMarino, C., Cowen, M., Williams, A., Khatkar, P., Abulwerdi, F.A., Henderson, L., Denniss, J., Pleet, M.L., Luttrell, D.R., and Vaisman, I. (2024). Autophagy Deregulation in HIV-1-Infected Cells Increases Extracellular Vesicle Release and Contributes to TLR3 Activation. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040643"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bankston, A.N., Ku, L., and Feng, Y. (2017). Active Cdk5 Immunoprecipitation and Kinase Assay. Bio-protocol, 7.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2363"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.662171","article-title":"Exosomes from HIV-1-Infected Cells Stimulate Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines through Trans-Activating Response (TAR) RNA","volume":"291","author":"Sampey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00305-y","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9269","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0147-18.2019","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caobi, A., Nair, M., and Raymond, A.D. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101200"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Wang, X., Dang, Y., and Zheng, Y.-H. (2008). Demonstration of a Novel HIV-1 Restriction Phenotype from a Human T Cell Line. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002796"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, D.J., Miranda, D., Marsden, M.D., Dizon, T.M.A., Bontemps, J.R., Davila, S.J., Mundo, L.E.D., Ha, T., Senaati, A., and Zack, J.A. (2015). Disruption of Type I Interferon Induction by HIV Infection of T Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137951"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.2.431","article-title":"Monokine Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Expression in a Chronically Infected Human T Cell Clone","volume":"142","author":"Clouse","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3313729","article-title":"Cytokine-Induced Expression of HIV-1 in a Chronically Infected Promonocyte Cell Line","volume":"238","author":"Folks","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujinaga, K., and Cary, D.C. (2020). Experimental Systems for Measuring HIV Latency and Reactivation. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111279"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8776","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.17.8776-8786.2002","article-title":"Direct and Quantitative Single-Cell Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reactivation from Latency","volume":"76","author":"Kutsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00676A","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles for Clinical Applications in Cancer\u2014Time for Standardization?","volume":"3","author":"Salmond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes, Microvesicles, and Friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathivanan, S., Fonseka, P., Nedeva, C., and Atukorala, I. (2021). Biogenesis of Extracellular Vesicles. New Frontiers: Extracellular Vesicles, Springer International Publishing. Subcellular Biochemistry.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67171-6"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyle, L.M., and Wang, M.Z. (2019). Overview of Extracellular Vesicles, Their Origin, Composition, Purpose, and Methods for Exosome Isolation and Analysis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070727"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","article-title":"The Exosome Journey: From Biogenesis to Uptake and Intracellular Signalling","volume":"19","author":"Gurung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19525","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306814110","article-title":"CDK10\/Cyclin M Is a Protein Kinase That Controls ETS2 Degradation and Is Deficient in STAR Syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Guen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.12.047","article-title":"M Phase-Specific Phosphorylation of Histone H1.5 at Threonine 10 by GSK-3","volume":"386","author":"Happel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-005-0075-9","article-title":"Tumour-Derived Microvesicles Carry Several Surface Determinants and mRNA of Tumour Cells and Transfer Some of These Determinants to Monocytes","volume":"55","author":"Szatanek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dellar, E.R., Hill, C., Melling, G.E., Carter, D.R.F., and Baena-Lopez, L.A. (2022). Unpacking Extracellular Vesicles: RNA Cargo Loading and Function. J. Extracell. Biol., 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.40"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1800","article-title":"Glioblastoma Microvesicles Transport RNA and Proteins That Promote Tumour Growth and Provide Diagnostic Biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Skog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12687","article-title":"Exosomes: Revisiting Their Role as \u201cGarbage Bags\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Vidal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding Light on the Cell Biology of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreu, Z., and Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3, M. (2014). Tetraspanins in Extracellular Vesicle Formation and Function. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00442"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murao, A., Tan, C., Jha, A., Wang, P., and Aziz, M. (2021). Exosome-Mediated eCIRP Release from Macrophages to Induce Inflammation in Sepsis. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.791648"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cvjetkovic, A., Jang, S.C., Kone\u010dn\u00e1, B., H\u00f6\u00f6g, J.L., Sihlbom, C., L\u00e4sser, C., and L\u00f6tvall, J. (2016). Detailed Analysis of Protein Topology of Extracellular Vesicles\u2013Evidence of Unconventional Membrane Protein Orientation. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36338"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.144.2.213","article-title":"Nuclear Import of Cdk\/Cyclin Complexes: Identification of Distinct Mechanisms for Import of Cdk2\/Cyclin E and Cdc2\/Cyclin B1","volume":"144","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Cao, J., Lin, W., Chen, H., Xiong, X., Ao, H., Yu, M., Lin, J., and Cui, Q. (2020). The Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cell-Cycle Progression and Therapeutic Strategies in Human Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061960"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, M.V.S., Costa, C.S., and daSilva, L.L.P. (2018). The Ambiguous Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Replication and Pathogenesis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02411"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b10033","article-title":"Endocytosis of Extracellular Vesicles and Release of Their Cargo from Endosomes","volume":"14","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13179","article-title":"M2 Macrophage-derived Exosomes Alleviate KCa3.1 Channel Expression in Rapidly Paced HL-1 Myocytes via the NF-\u03baB (P65)\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.02.013","article-title":"Biogenesis and Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer","volume":"188","author":"Bebelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00433-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00433-20","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Functions in Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Briaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2707","article-title":"Kinase Mutations in Human Disease: Interpreting Genotype\u2014Phenotype Relationships","volume":"11","author":"Lahiry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.07.001","article-title":"Kinase Interaction Network Expands Functional and Disease Roles of Human Kinases","volume":"79","author":"Buljan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology, Function, and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks, W.A., Sharma, P., Bullock, K.M., Hansen, K.M., Ludwig, N., and Whiteside, T.L. (2020). Transport of Extracellular Vesicles across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Brain Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124407"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170913164738","article-title":"The Transport Mechanism of Extracellular Vesicles at the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"23","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2015.01.001","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2-Activation Is a Point of Convergence for HIV-1 and Opiate-Mediated Interactive Neurotoxicity","volume":"65","author":"Masvekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50174","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15024","article-title":"The Awakening of the CDK10\/Cyclin M Protein Kinase","volume":"8","author":"Guen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazon, H., Barbeau, B., Mesnard, J.-M., and Peloponese, J.-M. (2018). Hijacking of the AP-1 Signaling Pathway during Development of ATL. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02686"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22319.x","article-title":"Regulation of MAPK Activation, AP-1 Transcription Factor Expression and Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wounded Fetal Skin","volume":"122","author":"Gangnuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-118","article-title":"Regulation of HIV-1 Transcription in Cells of the Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage","volume":"6","author":"Kilareski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01940-13","article-title":"Novel Neuroprotective GSK-3\u03b2 Inhibitor Restricts Tat-Mediated HIV-1 Replication","volume":"88","author":"Guendel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49571","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C400442200","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Serine 468 by GSK-3\u03b2 Negatively Regulates Basal P65 NF-\u03baB Activity","volume":"279","author":"Buss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00384","article-title":"GSK-3: Tricks of the Trade for a Multi-Tasking Kinase","volume":"116","author":"Doble","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagoulias, I., Karagiannis, F., Aggeletopoulou, I., Georgakopoulos, T., Argyropoulos, C.P., Akinosoglou, K., Gogos, C., Skoutelis, A., and Mouzaki, A. (2018). Ets-2 Acts As a Transcriptional Repressor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 through Binding to a Repressor\u2013Activator Target Sequence of 5\u2032-LTR. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01924"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06726-11","article-title":"Kinase Control Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation in Spite of High Levels of Induced NF-\u03baB Activity","volume":"86","author":"Wolschendorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/2\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:17Z","timestamp":1759919357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/2\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14020119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14020119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}