{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:24:55Z","timestamp":1789673095895,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioDegBONE","award":["2022-1.2.7-EUROSTARS-2022-00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-1.2.7-EUROSTARS-2022-00003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maxillofacial bone defects can have a profound impact on both facial function and aesthetics. While various biomaterial scaffolds have shown promise in addressing these challenges, regenerating bone in this region remains complex due to its irregular shape, intricate structure, and differing cellular origins compared to other bones in the human body. Moreover, the significant and variable mechanical loads placed on the maxillofacial bones add further complexity, especially in cases of difficult-to-treat medical conditions. This review provides a brief overview of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), highlighting the medication-induced adverse reactions and the associated clinical challenges in treating this condition. The purpose of this manuscript is to emphasize the role of biotechnology and tissue engineering technologies in therapy. By using scaffold materials and biofactors in combination with autologous cells, innovative solutions are explored for the repair of damaged facial bones. The ongoing search for effective scaffolds that can address these challenges and improve in vitro bone preparation for subsequent regeneration in the maxillofacial region remains critical. The primary purpose of this review is to spotlight current research trends and novel approaches in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1737345852000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Advancements in Bone Replacement Techniques\u2013Potential Uses After Maxillary and Mandibular Resections Due to Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Judit","family":"Bovari-Biri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A","family":"Miskei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Clinical Centre, The Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsanett","family":"Kover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Clinical Centre, The Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Steinerbrunner-Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9440-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Kardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Medical Skills Education and Innovation Centre, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7538-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Maroti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Medical Skills Education and Innovation Centre, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit E","family":"Pongracz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00328-8","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with cancer chemotherapy","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2021.12.007","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence Rate, and Risk Factors of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients With Osteoporosis and Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Japan","volume":"80","author":"Ishimaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouland, C.L., Javadian, R., Gilis, S., Yanni, A., Le Clercq, M., Mestrallet, P., Kampouridis, S., Bron, D., Lalmand, M., and Vanden Eynden, X. (2024). Treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with cell therapy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1338376"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2015.06.003","article-title":"The Frequency of Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and its Associated Risk Factors","volume":"27","author":"Dodson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196199","article-title":"The influence of pyrophosphate, condensed phosphates, phosphonates and other phosphate compounds on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite in vitro and on bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone in tissue culture and in thyroparathyroidectomised rats","volume":"6","author":"Russell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6800","article-title":"Prevention of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphosphonates and calcitonin","volume":"104","author":"Plotkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412817200","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and estrogens inhibit osteocyte apoptosis via distinct molecular mechanisms downstream of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation","volume":"280","author":"Plotkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.178742","article-title":"Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Clinical and practical guidelines","volume":"6","author":"Rosella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12022","article-title":"Denosumab: Mechanism of action and clinical outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Hanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081112","article-title":"Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, inhibits bone resorption and increases BMD in knock-in mice that express chimeric (murine\/human) RANKL","volume":"24","author":"Kostenuik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2174\/187152811798104872","article-title":"Aflibercept (VEGF-TRAP): The next anti-VEGF drug","volume":"10","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-7-753","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in clinical trials: Current status and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Morabito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimolbutr, K., Porter, S., and Fedele, S. (2018). Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Associated with Antiangiogenics in Antiresorptive-Na\u00efve Patient: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8071579"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2014.12.002","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Treated with Bisphosphonates and Targeted Agents: Results of an Italian Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Fusco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007451","article-title":"Craniofacial and Long Bone Development in the Context of Distraction Osteogenesis","volume":"147","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H., Kim, S.M., Cho, Y.J., Eo, M.Y., Lee, S.K., and Woo, K.M. (2014). New approach for the treatment of osteoradionecrosis with pentoxifylline and tocopherol. Biomater. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/2055-7124-18-13"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(97)90314-0","article-title":"Postradiation osteonecrosis of the mandible: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"83","author":"Epstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05436-z","article-title":"Autograft or allograft for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: A health economics perspective","volume":"27","author":"Mistry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saberian, E., Jen\u010da, A., Zafari, Y., Petr\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, A., Zare-Zardini, H., and Jen\u010dov\u00e1, J. (2024). Scaffold Application for Bone Regeneration with Stem Cells in Dentistry: Literature Review. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13121065"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, M., Wehrhan, F., Deschner, J., Sander, J., Ries, J., M\u00f6st, T., Bozec, A., G\u00f6lz, L., Kesting, M., and Lutz, R. (2021). The Special Developmental Biology of Craniofacial Tissues Enables the Understanding of Oral and Maxillofacial Physiology and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031315"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, Y., Chen, L., and Wu, T. (2023). Recent Advances in Bioengineering Bone Revascularization Based on Composite Materials Comprising Hydroxyapatite. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512492"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saberi, A., Kouhjani, M., Mohammadi, M., and Hosta-Rigau, L. (2023). Novel scaffold platforms for simultaneous induction osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone tissue engineering: A cutting-edge approach. J. Nanobiotechnol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02115-7"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenier, J., Teillet, M.A., Grifone, R., Kelly, R.G., and Duprez, D. (2009). Relationship between neural crest cells and cranial mesoderm during head muscle development. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004381"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otsuki, L., and Tanaka, E.M. (2022). Positional Memory in Vertebrate Regeneration: A Century\u2019s Insights from the Salamander Limb. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040899"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, A.P., Fischer, H., Aydin, S., Steffen, C., Schmidt-Bleek, K., and Rendenbach, C. (2023). Uncovering the unique characteristics of the mandible to improve clinical approaches to mandibular regeneration. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1152301"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Luo, X., and Xu, R. (2024). Interaction between immuno-stem dual lineages in jaw bone formation and injury repair. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1359295"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.C., Chan, Y.H., Hsieh, S.C., Lew, W.Z., and Feng, S.W. (2019). Comparing the Osteogenic Potentials and Bone Regeneration Capacities of Bone Marrow and Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rabbit Calvarial Bone Defect Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205015"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarc\u00f3n-Apablaza, J., Prieto, R., Rojas, M., and Fuentes, R. (2023). Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12101392"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Gilbert, S.F. (2000). Developmental Biology. Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.07.011","article-title":"Wnt signaling: Essential roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone metabolism and therapeutic implications for bone and skeletal disorders","volume":"10","author":"Vlashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27563-3","article-title":"Type-I collagen produced by distinct fibroblast lineages reveals specific function during embryogenesis and Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.250","article-title":"The expanding spectrum of COL2A1 gene variants IN 136 patients with a skeletal dysplasia phenotype","volume":"24","author":"Dumont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2019.07.008","article-title":"SOX9 in cartilage development and disease","volume":"61","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.01.006","article-title":"The emerging role of Dickkopf-1 in bone biology: Is it the main switch controlling bone and joint remodeling?","volume":"41","author":"Daoussis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.03.007","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins for articular cartilage regeneration","volume":"26","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00918-9","article-title":"The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.06.013","article-title":"The roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in bone repair and regeneration","volume":"91","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novais, A., Chatzopoulou, E., Chaussain, C., and Gorin, C. (2021). The Potential of FGF-2 in Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040932"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10249","article-title":"Angiogenesis in wound repair: Angiogenic growth factors and the extracellular matrix","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1781-9","article-title":"Effects of combinations of BMP-2 with FGF-2 and\/or VEGF on HUVECs angiogenesis in vitro and CAM angiogenesis in vivo","volume":"356","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.01.031","article-title":"Effect of local sequential VEGF and BMP-2 delivery on ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Kempen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.11.028","article-title":"Three-Dimensionally Printed Individual Drill Sleeve for Depth-Controlled Sections in Third Molar Surgery","volume":"77","author":"Szalma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schl\u00e9gl, \u00c1., Told, R., Kardos, K., Sz\u0151ke, A., Ujfalusi, Z., and Mar\u00f3ti, P. (2022). Evaluation and Comparison of Traditional Plaster and Fiberglass Casts with 3D-Printed PLA and PLA-CaCO. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173571"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.07.021","article-title":"A Review of 3D Printing Technology for Medical Applications","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.013","article-title":"Use of 3D-printed polylactic acid\/bioceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in preclinical in vivo studies: A systematic review","volume":"168","author":"Haugen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"82","article-title":"3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omidian, H., Wilson, R.L., and Dey Chowdhury, S. (2024). Injectable Biomimetic Gels for Biomedical Applications. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9070418"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213047","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202213047","article-title":"Injectable Biomimetic Hydrogel Guided Functional Bone Regeneration by Adapting Material Degradation to Tissue Healing","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikai, A., Ono, M., Tosa, I., Nguyen, H.T.T., Hara, E.S., Nosho, S., Kimura-Ono, A., Nawachi, K., Takarada, T., and Kuboki, T. (2020). BMP-2\/\u03b2-TCP Local Delivery for Bone Regeneration in MRONJ-Like Mouse Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197028"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, A., Youssef, A., Seher, A., Hochleitner, G., Dalton, P.D., Hartmann, S., Brands, R.C., M\u00fcller-Richter, U.D.A., and Linz, C. (2019). Medical-grade polycaprolactone scaffolds made by melt electrospinning writing for oral bone regeneration\u2014A pilot study in vitro. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0717-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, W.S., Kim, Y.C., Min, J.C., Park, H.J., Lee, E.J., Shim, J.H., and Choi, J.W. (2022). Clinical Application of 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Polycaprolactone\/Beta Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold for Complex Zygomatico-Maxillary Defects. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040740"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-018-6030-z","article-title":"Effect of expanded bone marrow-derived osteoprogenitor cells seeded into polycaprolactone\/tricalcium phosphate scaffolds in new bone regeneration of rabbit mandibular defects","volume":"29","author":"Nuntanaranont","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Choi, D., Shim, J.H., and Nam, W. (2020). Efficacy of three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone\/beta tricalcium phosphate scaffold on mandibular reconstruction. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61944-w"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e940365","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.940365","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Printing of Polycaprolactone\/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds with a Pore Size of 300\/500 \u00b5m is Histocompatible and Promotes Osteogenesis Using Rabbit Cortical Bone Marrow Stem Cells","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.03.023","article-title":"Experimental study of rhBMP-2 chitosan nano-sustained release carrier-loaded PLGA\/nHA scaffolds to construct mandibular tissue-engineered bone","volume":"102","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatt, L.P., Wirth, S., Ristaniemi, A., Ciric, D.J., Thompson, K., Eglin, D., Stoddart, M.J., and Armiento, A.R. (2023). Micro-porous PLGA\/. Regen. Biomater., 10.","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad084"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.111","article-title":"3D printing of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)\/hydroxyapatite composite constructs for bone tissue engineering","volume":"33","author":"Moncal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhou, X., Wang, H., Zhou, G., and Yu, X. (2024). Fabrication and Evaluation of PCL\/PLGA\/\u03b2-TCP Spiral-Structured Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11070732"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Wang, N., Liu, P., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Fei, F., Zhang, S., Zheng, J., and Han, B. (2019). Poly(Dopamine) Coating on 3D-Printed Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid\/\u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234397"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babilotte, J., Martin, B., Guduric, V., Bareille, R., Agniel, R., Roques, S., H\u00e9roguez, V., Dussauze, M., Gaudon, M., and Le Nihouannen, D. (2021). Development and characterization of a PLGA-HA composite material to fabricate 3D-printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111334"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36823","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of calcium-phosphate scaffolds three-dimensional printed by stereolithography for bone regeneration","volume":"108","author":"Plougonven","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00113-9","article-title":"Biomaterial-based strategies for maxillofacial tumour therapy and bone defect regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.054","article-title":"Improving cell-based therapies by nanomodification","volume":"219","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giant.2024.100317","article-title":"Biomineralization strategy: From material manufacturing to biological regulation","volume":"19","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Giant"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"122","article-title":"Recent development in multizonal scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36270","article-title":"Three dimensional printed calcium phosphate and poly(caprolactone) composites with improved mechanical properties and preserved microstructure","volume":"106","author":"Vella","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"129","article-title":"Biomaterial scaffolds in maxillofacial bone tissue engineering: A review of recent advances","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandolfi, M.G., Zamparini, F., Valente, S., Parchi, G., Pasquinelli, G., Taddei, P., and Prati, C. (2021). Green Hydrogels Composed of Sodium Mannuronate\/Guluronate, Gelatin and Biointeractive Calcium Silicates\/Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Designed for Oral Bone Defects Regeneration. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123439"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12261","article-title":"Effect of pore size in bone regeneration using polydopamine-laced hydroxyapatite collagen calcium silicate scaffolds fabricated by 3D mould printing technology","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkentar, R., Kladovasilakis, N., Tzetzis, D., and Mankovits, T. (2023). Effects of Pore Size Parameters of Titanium Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures on the Osseointegration Process in Orthopedic Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Crystals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13010113"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toosi, S., Javid-Naderi, M.J., Tamayol, A., Ebrahimzadeh, M.H., Yaghoubian, S., and Mousavi Shaegh, S.A. (2023). Additively manufactured porous scaffolds by design for treatment of bone defects. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1252636"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1021\/bm900154b","article-title":"Alginate\/Hydroxyapatite biocomposite for bone ingrowth: A trabecular structure with high and isotropic connectivity","volume":"10","author":"Turco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20417314241263689","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314241263689","article-title":"Novel 3D printed TPMS scaffolds: Microstructure, characteristics and applications in bone regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghayor, C., and Weber, F.E. (2018). Osteoconductive Microarchitecture of Bone Substitutes for Bone Regeneration Revisited. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00960"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Wang, W., Liu, D., Zhang, H., Gao, P., Geng, L., Yuan, Y., Lu, J., and Wang, Z. (2015). The promotion of angiogenesis induced by three-dimensional porous beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold with different interconnection sizes via activation of PI3K\/Akt pathways. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09409"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muallah, D., Sembdner, P., Holtzhausen, S., Meissner, H., Hutsky, A., Ellmann, D., Assmann, A., Schulz, M.C., Lauer, G., and Kroschwald, L.M. (2021). Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122654"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.08.025","article-title":"Micropore-induced capillarity enhances bone distribution in vivo in biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds","volume":"44","author":"Rustom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, Z., Luo, X., Wang, T., Zhao, X., Lu, B., Chen, F., and Zheng, L. (2022). Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials for Bone Repair. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040187"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0745-3","article-title":"Scaffolding in tissue engineering: General approaches and tissue-specific considerations","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.04.001","article-title":"Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothweiler, R., Gross, C., Bortel, E., Fr\u00fch, S., Gerber, J., Boller, E., W\u00fcster, J., Stricker, A., Fretwurst, T., and Iglhaut, G. (2022). Comparison of the 3D-Microstructure Between Alveolar and Iliac Bone for Enhanced Bioinspired Bone Graft Substitutes. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.862395"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alavi, S.E., Gholami, M., Shahmabadi, H.E., and Reher, P. (2023). Resorbable GBR Scaffolds in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12226962"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00609","article-title":"Bioactive Materials for Bone Regeneration: Biomolecules and Delivery Systems","volume":"9","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S1348-8643(18)30005-3","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanical strength of biomaterials used as a bone scaffold in oral and maxillofacial defects","volume":"15","author":"Prasadh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(99)90437-8","article-title":"Mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the human mandible: Implications for dental implant treatment planning and surgical placement","volume":"57","author":"Misch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118589","article-title":"Bioactive chitosan biguanidine-based injectable hydrogels as a novel BMP-2 and VEGF carrier for osteogenesis of dental pulp stem cells","volume":"273","author":"Divband","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X., Jiao, L., and Tan, H. (2022). MAPK\/ERK Pathway as a Central Regulator in Vertebrate Organ Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031464"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Yin, Z., Huang, B., Xu, K., and Su, J. (2022). Stat3 Signaling Pathway: A Future Therapeutic Target for Bone-Related Diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.897539"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhshandeh, B., Ranjbar, N., Abbasi, A., Amiri, E., Abedi, A., Mehrabi, M.R., Dehghani, Z., and Pennisi, C.P. (2023). Recent progress in the manipulation of biochemical and biophysical cues for engineering functional tissues. Bioeng. Transl. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10383"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"345","article-title":"Fostering tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to treat musculoskeletal disorders in bone and muscle","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.06.005","article-title":"Understanding of dopant-induced osteogenesis and angiogenesis in calcium phosphate ceramics","volume":"31","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9369","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB01684B","article-title":"Application of bioactive metal ions in the treatment of bone defects","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"93","article-title":"Applications of Bioactive Ions in Bone Regeneration","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.044","article-title":"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification","volume":"126","author":"Engler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.06.133","article-title":"Biomechanical three-dimensional finite element analysis of monolithic zirconia crown with different cement thickness","volume":"42","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2004.02.004","article-title":"High concentrations of magnesium modulate vascular endothelial cell behaviour in vitro","volume":"1689","author":"Maier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.049","article-title":"The roles of ions on bone regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Awale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0459-4","article-title":"Role of Magnesium Transporter Subtype 1 (MagT1) in the Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Stem Cells","volume":"171","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.08.051","article-title":"Ion channel functional protein kinase TRPM7 regulates Mg ions to promote the osteoinduction of human osteoblast via PI3K pathway: In vitro simulation of the bone-repairing effect of Mg-based alloy implant","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.042","article-title":"Strontium and strontium ranelate: Historical review of some of their functions","volume":"78","author":"Pilmane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.12.013","article-title":"Strontium-substituted bioactive glasses in vitro osteogenic and antibacterial effects","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR08580B","article-title":"A strontium-incorporated nanoporous titanium implant surface for rapid osseointegration","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-3980","article-title":"Copper-dependent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1: Implications for ceruloplasmin regulation","volume":"105","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.083","article-title":"Multi-biofunctional polymer graphene composite for bone tissue regeneration that elutes copper ions to impart angiogenic, osteogenic and bactericidal properties","volume":"159","author":"Jaidev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328212470013","article-title":"Evaluation of borate bioactive glass scaffolds with different pore sizes in a rat subcutaneous implantation model","volume":"28","author":"Deliormanli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.011","article-title":"Zinc in calcium phosphate mediates bone induction: In vitro and in vivo model","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.09.031","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and increased bone marrow stem cell functions of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings on titanium","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.04.007","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of zinc-silibinin complexes: A potential bioactive compound with angiogenic, and antibacterial activity for bone tissue engineering","volume":"167","author":"Vimalraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.10.003","article-title":"Light manipulation for fabrication of hydrogels and their biological applications","volume":"137","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomi\u0107, S.L., Babi\u0107 Radi\u0107, M.M., Vukovi\u0107, J.S., Filipovi\u0107, V.V., Nikodinovic-Runic, J., and Vukomanovi\u0107, M. (2023). Alginate-Based Hydrogels and Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21030177"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desfran\u00e7ois, C., Auz\u00e9ly, R., and Texier, I. (2018). Lipid Nanoparticles and Their Hydrogel Composites for Drug Delivery: A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040118"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"175","article-title":"Advanced Hydrogel systems for mandibular reconstruction","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Liu, W., Sun, L., Xu, S., Wang, T., Meng, J., Wen, T., Liu, Q., Liu, J., and Xu, H. (2022). Magnetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds Accelerate the Regeneration of Muscle Tissue in Combination with Extra Magnetic Fields. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084440"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., Hua, Y., Wang, J., Shao, T., Wang, S., Gao, X., and Gao, J. (2024). Surface Modification Progress for PLGA-Based Cell Scaffolds. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16010165"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220570","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0570","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications","volume":"12","author":"Ban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01324-1","article-title":"Electrical stimulation in bone tissue engineering treatments","volume":"46","author":"Leppik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12300","article-title":"The bioelectrical properties of bone tissue","volume":"6","author":"Heng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Model. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.05.025","article-title":"Novel polyaniline\/PVDF\/BaTiO3 hybrid composites with high piezo-sensitivity","volume":"138","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4438","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.97610","article-title":"Remote actuation and on-demand activation of biomaterials pre-incorporated with physical cues for bone repair","volume":"14","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoabi, A., Redenski, I., Oren, D., Kasem, A., Zigron, A., Daoud, S., Moskovich, L., Kablan, F., and Srouji, S. (2022). 3D Printing and Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092385"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S311001","article-title":"3D Printing of Micro- and Nanoscale Bone Substitutes: A Review on Technical and Translational Perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Zhai, D., Xue, J., Li, T., Ren, D., and Wu, C. (2022). Bioinspired laminated bioceramics with high toughness for bone tissue engineering. Regen. Biomater., 9.","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac055"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2016.11.001","article-title":"Injectable scaffolds: Preparation and application in dental and craniofacial regeneration","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, H.P.S.A., Jummaat, F., Yahya, E.B., Olaiya, N.G., Adnan, A.S., Abdat, M., N. A. M., N., Halim, A.S., Kumar, U.S.U., and Bairwan, R. (2020). A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12092043"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"1239842","article-title":"3D-Printed Scaffolds and Biomaterials: Review of Alveolar Bone Augmentation and Periodontal Regeneration Applications","volume":"2016","author":"Pagni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Wu, D., Tu, H., Cao, M., Li, M., Peng, L., and Yang, J. (2023). Applications of Hydrogels in Drug Delivery for Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9020146"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgia, D., Angellotti, G., Conigliaro, A., Carfi Pavia, F., D\u2019Agostino, F., Contardi, M., Mauceri, R., Alessandro, R., Campisi, G., and De Caro, V. (2020). Development of a Multifunctional Bioerodible Nanocomposite Containing Metronidazole and Curcumin to Apply on L-PRF Clot to Promote Tissue Regeneration in Dentistry. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100425"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dipalma, G., Inchingolo, A.M., Malcangi, G., Ferrara, I., Viapiano, F., Netti, A., Patano, A., Isacco, C.G., Inchingolo, A.D., and Inchingolo, F. (2023). Sixty-Month Follow Up of Clinical MRONJ Cases Treated with CGF and Piezosurgery. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070863"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, B., Wang, W., Liu, X., Xu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, J., Guan, J., Zhou, P., and Mao, Y. (2021). Gelatin methacrylate hydrogel scaffold carrying resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and effective bone regeneration. Regen. Biomater., 8.","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbab044"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duygu, G., Yalcin-\u00dclker, G.M., G\u00fcnbatan, M., Soluk-Tekkesin, M., and \u00d6zcakir-Tomruk, C. (2023). Evaluation of Preventive Role of Systemically Applied Erythropoietin after Tooth Extraction in a Bisphosphonate-Induced MRONJ Model. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061059"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouyer, M., Garot, C., Machillot, P., Vollaire, J., Fitzpatrick, V., Morand, S., Boutonnat, J., Josserand, V., Bettega, G., and Picart, C. (2021). 3D-printed scaffold combined to 2D osteoinductive coatings to repair a critical-size mandibular bone defect. Mater. Today Bio, 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2021.100113"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1946007","article-title":"Tea polyphenols (TP): A promising natural additive for the manufacture of multifunctional active food packaging films","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08991","article-title":"Adiponectin and AdipoR1 regulate PGC-1alpha and mitochondria by Ca2+ and AMPK\/SIRT1","volume":"464","author":"Iwabu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00163-7","article-title":"Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenore, G., Zimbalatti, A., Rocchetti, F., Graniero, F., Gaglioti, D., Mohsen, A., Caputo, M., Lollobrigida, M., Lamazza, L., and De Biase, A. (2020). Management of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) Using Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) and Photobiomodulation: A Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113505"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On, S.W., Cho, S.W., Byun, S.H., and Yang, B.E. (2021). Various Therapeutic Methods for the Treatment of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) and Their Limitations: A Narrative Review on New Molecular and Cellular Therapeutic Approaches. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050680"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.04.031","article-title":"American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw\u20142014 update","volume":"72","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25944","article-title":"Adjuvant therapies in the management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: Systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Michellon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, L., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Yang, L., Yao, J., Huang, H., Yu, J., Han, B., Wang, B., and Liu, Z. (2024). The preventive effect of photocrosslinked Hep\/GelMA hydrogel loaded with PRF on MRONJ. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04792-8"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4248\/BR201303002","article-title":"Bone Regeneration Based on Tissue Engineering Conceptions\u2014A 21st Century Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Henkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, S.K., Yee, M.M.F., Chin, K.Y., and Ima-Nirwana, S. (2023). A Review of the Application of Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14050286"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23490","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23490","article-title":"Roles of osteoclasts in alveolar bone remodeling","volume":"60","author":"Omi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.01.016","article-title":"Strategies for controlled delivery of growth factors and cells for bone regeneration","volume":"64","author":"Vo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-7-16","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow stem cell intralesional transplantation repairing bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw","volume":"7","author":"Cella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15006","article-title":"Reduction of MRONJ risk after exodontia by virtue of ozone infiltration: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Mauceri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudet, C., Odet, S., Meyer, C., Chatelain, B., Weber, E., Parmentier, A.L., Derruau, S., Laurence, S., Mauprivez, C., and Brenet, E. (2022). Reporting Criteria for Clinical Trials on Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): A Review and Recommendations. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244097"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2017.04.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatments for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Sgro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/2\/145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:59Z","timestamp":1759919519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/2\/145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14020145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14020145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}}}