{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:39:55Z","timestamp":1759970395226,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux"},{"name":"INSERM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SCAPs (Stem Cells from Apical Papilla), derived from the apex of forming wisdom teeth, extracted from teenagers for orthodontic reasons, belong to the MSCs (Mesenchymal Stromal Cells) family. They have multipotent differentiation capabilities and are a potentially powerful model for investigating strategies of clinical cell therapies. Since autophagy\u2014a regulated self-eating process\u2014was proposed to be essential in osteogenesis, we investigated its involvement in the SCAP model. By using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches to inhibit autophagy, we studied early and late events of osteoblastic differentiation. We showed that blocking the formation of autophagosomes with verteporfin did not induce a dramatic alteration in early osteoblastic differentiation monitored by ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity. However, blocking the autophagy flux with bafilomycin A1 led to ALP repression. Strikingly, the mineralization process was observed with both compounds, with calcium phosphate (CaP) nodules that remained inside cells under bafilomycin A1 treatment and numerous but smaller CaP nodules after verteporfin treatment. In contrast, deletion of Atg5 or Atg7, two genes involved in the formation of autophagosomes and essential to trigger canonical autophagy, indicated that both genes could be involved differently in the mineralization process with a modification of the ALP activity while final mineralization was not altered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:47:37Z","timestamp":1737359257000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibiting Autophagy by Chemicals During SCAPs Osteodifferentiation Elicits Disorganized Mineralization, While the Knock-Out of Atg5\/7 Genes Leads to Cell Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Damien","family":"Le Nihouannen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Boiziau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Agadzhanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Dusserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5383-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Cordeli\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bordeaux Imaging Center (BIC), US4, UAR 3420, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Priault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Cellulaires (IBGC), UMR 5095, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helene","family":"Boeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. 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