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Moreover, this study demonstrates that microvesicles (MVs) released by osteoclasts displayed potent pro-chondrogenic, pro-osteogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities were unique to osteoclastic MVs and were not shared by osteoclastic ABs and EXOs or MVs of other cell types. Because chronic synovial inflammation, progressive articular cartilage erosion, abnormal subchondral bone remodeling, and inability to regenerate articular cartilage are key etiologies of OA, we postulate that the foregoing activities of osteoclastic MVs could simultaneously target multiple etiologies of OA and could thereby be an effective therapy for OA. Accordingly, this study sought to assess the feasibility of an osteoclastic MV-based strategy for OA with a mouse tibial plateau injury model of OA. Briefly, tibial plateau injuries were created on the right knees of adult C57BL\/6J mice, MVs were intraarticularly injected into the injured joints biweekly, and the OA progression was monitored histologically at five weeks post-injury. The MV treatment reduced the OA-induced losses of articular cartilage area and thickness, decreased irregularity in the articular cartilage surface, reduced loss of gliding\/intermediate zone of articular cartilage, reduced osteophyte formation, suppressed synovial inflammation, and decreased the OARSI OA score. In summary, treatment with osteoclastic MVs delayed or reversed OA progression. Thus, this study supports the feasibility of an osteoclastic MV-based therapy for OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14030193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T10:44:30Z","timestamp":1738061070000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microvesicles Released by Osteoclastic Cells Exhibited Chondrogenic, Osteogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities: An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Their Use for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Matilda H.-C.","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles H.","family":"Rundle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1109-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kin-Hing William","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Post-traumatic osteoarthritis: The role of stress induced chondrocyte damage","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R34","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2942","article-title":"Anabolic and catabolic responses of human articular chondrocytes to varying oxygen percentages","volume":"12","author":"Strobel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. 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