{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:31:45Z","timestamp":1768901505783,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["233493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["233493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13-818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-1471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-1471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City, M\u00e9xico","award":["233493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["233493"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City, M\u00e9xico","award":["13-818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-818"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Mexico City, M\u00e9xico","award":["24-1471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-1471"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous reports have described a statistical association between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) subclasses and the expression of genes coding for pro-calcifying proteins in the epicardial adipose tissue of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and aortic valvular stenosis (AVS). These results suggest a causal relationship between HDL and the regulation of gene expression in epicardial adipose tissue. However, there is no experimental evidence that supports this causal relationship. Therefore, we explored the effect of HDL isolated from CAD or AVS patients on the expression of OPN, BMP2, and BMP4, genes coding for proteins related to calcification, osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic proteins -2 and -4, respectively, and LEP, UCP, and PER, coding for leptin, uncoupling protein-1, and perilipin-2, respectively, proteins that confer phenotypic characteristics to adipocytes. The experiments were performed using a novel model of cardiac adipocytes differentiated in vitro from stromal cells of rabbit cardiac adipose tissue. AVS or CAD patients\u2019 HDL differentially modulated the expression of BMP4 and LEP, whereas HDL from both kinds of patients upregulated the OPN gene expression. A high concentration of triglycerides associated to small HDL and a higher concentration of phospholipids of large HDL from CAD patients than those from AVS individuals were the most remarkable structural differences. Finally, we demonstrated that cholesterol from reconstituted HDL was internalized to the adipocytes. The regulation of genes related to the secretory activity of cardiac adipocytes mediated by HDL has clinical implications as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of CAD and AVS. In summary, the HDL isolated from the CAD and AVS patients differentially regulated gene expression in adipocytes by a mechanism that seems to be dependent on HDL lipid internalization to the cells and structural characteristics of the lipoproteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14030205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1738235303000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Density Lipoproteins from Coronary Artery Disease and Aortic Valve Stenosis Patients Differentially Regulate Gene Expression in a Model of Cardiac Adipocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Luna-Luna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Araceli","family":"P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Mass\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1090-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"L\u00f3pez-Marure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Mois\u00e9s","family":"Zozaya-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Endoscopic Surgery, Hepatic and Bile Ducts Clinic, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-6022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariana","family":"Vargas-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando R.","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INRLGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Engineering School, Campus Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6028-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, 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