{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:49:49Z","timestamp":1760057389331,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense, Breast Cancer Research Program Postdoctoral Fellowship Award","award":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"]}]},{"name":"Physical Sciences Oncology Center to Moffitt Cancer Center","award":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"]}]},{"name":"Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute Microscopy, Imaging and Cytometry Resources Core","award":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA175931","R01 CA131990","T32 CA009531","F31 CA213807","W81XWH-12-1-0024","U54 CA193489","P30 CA22453"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) presents a challenge as we cannot yet distinguish between those lesions that remain dormant from cases that may progress to invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) and require therapeutic intervention. Our overall interest is to develop biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) models that more accurately recapitulate the structure and characteristics of pre-invasive breast cancer in order to study the underlying mechanisms driving malignant progression. These models allow us to mimic the microenvironment to investigate many aspects of mammary cell biology, including the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the interaction between carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and epithelial cells, and the dynamics of cytoskeletal reorganization. In this review article, we outline the significance of 3D culture models as reliable pre-clinical tools that mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment and facilitate the study of DCIS lesions as they progress to invasive breast cancer. We also discuss the role of CAFs and other stromal cells in DCIS transition as well as the clinical significance of emerging technologies like tumor-on-chip and co-culture models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14030220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:55:22Z","timestamp":1738648522000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Models: Biomimetic Tools That Recapitulate Breast Tissue Architecture and Microenvironment to Study Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Transition to Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Seema","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kingsley O.","family":"Osuala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Twelve Biosciences, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan J.","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungmin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6833-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie F.","family":"Sloane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3177-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond R.","family":"Mattingly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0478-6","article-title":"Ductal carcinoma in situ: To treat or not to treat, that is the question","volume":"121","author":"Lips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2016.09.001","article-title":"Finding the balance between over- and under-treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)","volume":"31","author":"Groen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.103174","article-title":"Breast cancer, screening and diagnostic tools: All you need to know","volume":"157","author":"Barba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1586\/erm.13.4","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing: A powerful tool for the discovery of molecular markers in breast ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"13","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30573-4","article-title":"Gene expression signatures of individual ductal carcinoma in situ lesions identify processes and biomarkers associated with progression towards invasive ductal carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Rebbeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-018-9415-1","article-title":"Current Therapeutic Approaches to DCIS","volume":"23","author":"Doke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.177","article-title":"The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: An independent review","volume":"108","author":"Marmot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.18629","article-title":"Current Issues in the Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Breast Cancer","volume":"210","author":"Monticciolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.1087","article-title":"National expenditure for false-positive mammograms and breast cancer overdiagnoses estimated at $4 billion a year","volume":"34","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2255388","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.55388","article-title":"Financial Toxicity Among Patients With Breast Cancer Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Ehsan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-022-09517-7","article-title":"Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Molecular Changes Accompanying Disease Progression","volume":"27","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab192","article-title":"Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Part 2: Patient Economic Burden Associated With Cancer Care","volume":"113","author":"Yabroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0204-1","article-title":"Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: An update for the pathologist in the era of individualized risk assessment and tailored therapies","volume":"32","author":"Hanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt067","article-title":"A multigene expression assay to predict local recurrence risk for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast","volume":"105","author":"Solin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.12.003","article-title":"Molecular Evaluation of Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ with Oncotype DX DCIS","volume":"189","author":"Hanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-021-06187-7","article-title":"DUCHESS: An evaluation of the ductal carcinoma in situ score for decisions on radiotherapy in patients with low\/intermediate-risk DCIS","volume":"188","author":"Rakovitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5583-7","article-title":"Clinical Utility of the 12-Gene DCIS Score Assay: Impact on Radiotherapy Recommendations for Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ","volume":"24","author":"Manders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0842","article-title":"A Biological Signature for Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ to Predict Radiotherapy Benefit and Assess Recurrence Risk","volume":"24","author":"Bremer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warnberg, F., Karlsson, P., Holmberg, E., Sandelin, K., Whitworth, P.W., Savala, J., Barry, T., Leesman, G., Linke, S.P., and Shivers, S.C. (2021). Prognostic Risk Assessment and Prediction of Radiotherapy Benefit for Women with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) of the Breast, in a Randomized Clinical Trial (SweDCIS). Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3869642"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1152","article-title":"Validation of a Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Biomarker Profile for Risk of Recurrence after Breast-Conserving Surgery with and without Radiotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Weinmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.06.072","article-title":"A Novel Biosignature Identifies Patients With DCIS With High Risk of Local Recurrence After Breast Conserving Surgery and Radiation Therapy","volume":"115","author":"Vicini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabbs, D., Mittal, K., Heineman, S., Whitworth, P., Shah, C., Savala, J., Shivers, S.C., and Bremer, T. (2023). Analytical validation of the 7-gene biosignature for prediction of recurrence risk and radiation therapy benefit for breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1069059"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5919","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-15566-5","article-title":"The Clinical Utility of a 7-Gene Biosignature on Radiation Therapy Decision Making in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Following Breast-Conserving Surgery: An Updated Analysis of the DCISionRT((R)) PREDICT Study","volume":"31","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2025, January 23). ClinicalTrials.gov. A Prospective Registry Study to Evaluate the Effect of the DCISionRT Test on Treatment Decisions in Patients with DCIS Following Breast Conserving Therapy, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03448926."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.8532","article-title":"Cost Effectiveness of the Oncotype DX DCIS Score for Guiding Treatment of Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ","volume":"34","author":"Raldow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24754","article-title":"Best practices for multidisciplinary integration of a DCIS genomic assay into clinical practice","volume":"116","author":"Alvarado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkaa004","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkaa004","article-title":"Cost Effectiveness of DCISionRT for Guiding Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ","volume":"4","author":"Raldow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R7","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2222","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of the tumor microenvironment during breast cancer progression","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.20567","article-title":"Why the stroma matters in breast cancer: Insights into breast cancer patient outcomes through the examination of stromal biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Conklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Partridge, A.H., Hyslop, T., Rosenberg, S.M., Bennett, A.V., Drier, S., Jonsson, M., Shimada, A., Li, Y., Li, Y., and Lynch, T. (2024). Patient-Reported Outcomes for Low-Risk Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Secondary Analysis of the COMET Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.6556"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.113276","article-title":"Active surveillance versus treatment in low-risk DCIS: Women\u2019s preferences in the LORD-trial","volume":"192","author":"Schmitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07703-4","article-title":"Recruiting women with ductal carcinoma in situ to a randomised controlled trial: Lessons from the LORIS study","volume":"24","author":"Wheelwright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000507055","article-title":"The Multifaceted Nature of Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Carcinomas","volume":"87","author":"Annaratone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.02.045","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: Interactions with the tumor stroma","volume":"316","author":"Pietras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuala, K.O., Sameni, M., Shah, S., Aggarwal, N., Simonait, M.L., Franco, O.E., Hong, Y., Hayward, S.W., Behbod, F., and Mattingly, R.R. (2015). Il-6 signaling between ductal carcinoma in situ cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts mediates tumor cell growth and migration. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1576-3"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.01.004","article-title":"Biomechanical and biochemical remodeling of stromal extracellular matrix in cancer","volume":"33","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.01.002","article-title":"Everybody needs good neighbours: The progressive DCIS microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Gibson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-018-9409-z","article-title":"Breaking through to the Other Side: Microenvironment Contributions to DCIS Initiation and Progression","volume":"23","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.023","article-title":"Transition to invasive breast cancer is associated with progressive changes in the structure and composition of tumor stroma","volume":"185","author":"Risom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, P., Takai, K., Weaver, V.M., and Werb, Z. (2011). Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005058"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-016-9650-0","article-title":"From transformation to metastasis: Deconstructing the extracellular matrix in breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Kaushik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201102147","article-title":"The extracellular matrix: A dynamic niche in cancer progression","volume":"196","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taufalele, P.V., VanderBurgh, J.A., Munoz, A., Zanotelli, M.R., and Reinhart-King, C.A. (2019). Fiber alignment drives changes in architectural and mechanical features in collagen matrices. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216537"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.8.2906-2917.2001","article-title":"Discoidin domain receptor 1 tyrosine kinase has an essential role in mammary gland development","volume":"21","author":"Vogel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0676-8","article-title":"Migration inhibition of mammary epithelial cells by Syk is blocked in the presence of DDR1 receptors","volume":"68","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200708137","article-title":"Collagen I-mediated up-regulation of N-cadherin requires cooperative signals from integrins and discoidin domain receptor 1","volume":"180","author":"Shintani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3157","article-title":"Matrix stiffness drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis through a TWIST1-G3BP2 mechanotransduction pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-020-00221-w","article-title":"Tumor-associated collagen signatures: Pushing tumor boundaries","volume":"8","author":"Brett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzano, P.P., Inman, D.R., Eliceiri, K.W., Knittel, J.G., Yan, L., Rueden, C.T., White, J.G., and Keely, P.J. (2008). Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression. BMC Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-6-11"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzano, P.P., Eliceiri, K.W., Campbell, J.M., Inman, D.R., White, J.G., and Keely, P.J. (2006). Collagen reorganization at the tumor-stromal interface facilitates local invasion. BMC Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-4-38"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ib00040h","article-title":"Human breast cancer invasion and aggression correlates with ECM stiffening and immune cell infiltration","volume":"7","author":"Acerbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0720","article-title":"Collagen Alignment as a Predictor of Recurrence after Ductal Carcinoma In Situ","volume":"27","author":"Conklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-022-00464-4","article-title":"Mechanostimulation of breast myoepithelial cells induces functional changes associated with DCIS progression to invasion","volume":"8","author":"Hayward","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.06.003","article-title":"The extracellular matrix: Tools and insights for the \"omics\" era","volume":"49","author":"Naba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1519","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1009","article-title":"MatrisomeDB 2.0: 2023 updates to the ECM-protein knowledge database","volume":"51","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32255-7","article-title":"Temporal profiling of the breast tumour microenvironment reveals collagen XII as a driver of metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700167","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201700167","article-title":"Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: The Architects of Stroma Remodeling","volume":"18","author":"Santi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200302090","article-title":"Site-specific inductive and inhibitory activities of MMP-2 and MMP-3 orchestrate mammary gland branching morphogenesis","volume":"162","author":"Wiseman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Betts, C., Pennock, N., Mitchell, E., and Schedin, P. (2017). Mammary Gland Involution Provides a Unique Model to Study the TGF-beta Cancer Paradox. J. Clin. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6010010"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchsbaum, R.J., and Oh, S.Y. (2016). Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Cancers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8020019"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Nogueira, P., Fuster, G., Gutierrez-Uzquiza, A., Gascon, P., Carbo, N., and Bragado, P. (2021). Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Breast Cancer Treatment Response and Metastasis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133146"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwakeel, E., and Weigert, A. (2021). Breast Cancer CAFs: Spectrum of Phenotypes and Promising Targeting Avenues. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111636"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcucci, A., Ruocco, M.R., Granato, G., Sacco, A.M., and Montagnani, S. (2016). Cancer: An Oxidative Crosstalk between Solid Tumor Cells and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4502846"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1633","article-title":"Identification of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Circulating Blood from Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"75","author":"Ao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuala, K.O., Heyza, J., Zhao, Z., Xu, Y., Moin, K., Ji, K., and Mattingly, R.R. (2024). Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Accelerate Growth and Invasiveness of Breast Cancer Cells in 3D Long-Term Breast Cancer Models. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16223840"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0635-z","article-title":"Interactions between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells promote MCL-1 dependency in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers","volume":"38","author":"Louault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1877","article-title":"Fibroblasts in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Kalluri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1110-6","article-title":"Collagens and Cancer associated fibroblasts in the reactive stroma and its relation to Cancer biology","volume":"38","author":"Nissen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07582-3","article-title":"Spatially and functionally distinct subclasses of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts revealed by single cell RNA sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Bartoschek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-15-0307","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Induce a Collagen Cross-link Switch in Tumor Stroma","volume":"14","author":"Pankova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-019-09966-1","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"36","author":"Eble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-17-0308","article-title":"Chemokine Signaling Facilitates Early-Stage Breast Cancer Survival and Invasion through Fibroblast-Dependent Mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Brummer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813306106","article-title":"Role of COX-2 in epithelial-stromal cell interactions and progression of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1039\/C0IB00063A","article-title":"Transition to invasion in breast cancer: A microfluidic in vitro model enables examination of spatial and temporal effects","volume":"3","author":"Sung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6857","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-1818","article-title":"Breast cancer subtype-specific interactions with the microenvironment dictate mechanisms of invasion","volume":"71","author":"Dang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Normal mammary fibroblasts induce reversion of the malignant phenotype in human primary breast cancer","volume":"33","author":"Romer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2741\/3617","article-title":"Role of myoepithelial cells in breast tumor progression","volume":"15","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201802144","article-title":"Myoepithelial cells are a dynamic barrier to epithelial dissemination","volume":"217","author":"Sirka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4990","article-title":"Myoepithelial cell-specific expression of stefin A as a suppressor of early breast cancer invasion","volume":"243","author":"Duivenvoorden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-005-9586-4","article-title":"Myoepithelial cells: Their origin and function in breast morphogenesis and neoplasia","volume":"10","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.1.39","article-title":"Normal and tumor-derived myoepithelial cells differ in their ability to interact with luminal breast epithelial cells for polarity and basement membrane deposition","volume":"115","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2004.06.010","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Allinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-017-0847-0","article-title":"Pathomimetic avatars reveal divergent roles of microenvironment in invasive transition of ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"19","author":"Sameni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0867-3","article-title":"IL-6-mediated cross-talk between human preadipocytes and ductal carcinoma in situ in breast cancer progression","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delort, L., Cholet, J., Decombat, C., Vermerie, M., Dumontet, C., Castelli, F.A., Fenaille, F., Auxenfans, C., Rossary, A., and Caldefie-Chezet, F. (2020). The Adipose Microenvironment Dysregulates the Mammary Myoepithelial Cells and Could Participate to the Progression of Breast Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.571948"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3326-2","article-title":"Targeting exosomes from preadipocytes inhibits preadipocyte to cancer stem cell signaling in early-stage breast cancer","volume":"150","author":"Gernapudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100106","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100106","article-title":"3D Adipose Tissue Culture Links the Organotypic Microenvironment to Improved Adipogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0786","article-title":"Immune Escape during Breast Tumor Progression","volume":"8","author":"Aleckovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0553-9","article-title":"Immune response and stromal changes in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast are subtype dependent","volume":"33","author":"Agahozo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-020-01267-w","article-title":"Immune microenvironment in ductal carcinoma in situ: A comparison with invasive carcinoma of the breast","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0331-8","article-title":"Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Immune cell composition according to subtype","volume":"33","author":"Agahozo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0743","article-title":"Relationship of the Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Immune Microenvironment with Clinicopathological and Genetic Features","volume":"23","author":"Hendry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-019-07562-x","article-title":"Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Contemporary Cohort of Women with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)","volume":"26","author":"Darvishian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e562","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00116-X","article-title":"A prognostic and predictive computational pathology immune signature for ductal carcinoma in situ: Retrospective results from a cohort within the UK\/ANZ DCIS trial","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Phillips, C. (2025, January 17). First Cancer TIL Therapy Gets FDA Approval for Advanced Melanoma, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/news-events\/cancer-currents-blog\/2024\/fda-amtagvi-til-therapy-melanoma."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e31818403d5","article-title":"Minimally cultured tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes display optimal characteristics for adoptive cell therapy","volume":"31","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.06.015","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: A new hope","volume":"42","author":"Sarnaik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.02.013","article-title":"Macrophage regulation of tumor responses to anticancer therapies","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1102-991","article-title":"Cancer immunoediting: From immunosurveillance to tumor escape","volume":"3","author":"Dunn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020304003704","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Leek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, A.K., Kadel, S., Townsend, M.G., Oliwa, M., and Guerriero, J.L. (2021). Macrophage Biology and Mechanisms of Immune Suppression in Breast Cancer. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.643771"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1256","article-title":"Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Pollard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.04.004","article-title":"Macrophage density is an adverse prognosticator for ipsilateral recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"64","author":"Darvishian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2236","article-title":"The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue","volume":"8","author":"Pampaloni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14821","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14821","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between beta1-integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor in three-dimensional basement membrane breast cultures: A different perspective in epithelial biology","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.160390","article-title":"Three-dimensional overlay culture models of human breast cancer reveal a critical sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors","volume":"332","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.41","article-title":"A three-dimensional microenvironment alters protein expression and chemosensitivity of epithelial ovarian cancer cells in vitro","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.010","article-title":"A Living Biobank of Breast Cancer Organoids Captures Disease Heterogeneity","volume":"172","author":"Sachs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R66","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2358","article-title":"An intraductal human-in-mouse transplantation model mimics the subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"11","author":"Behbod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2969","article-title":"Human primary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subtype-specific pathology is preserved in a mouse intraductal (MIND) xenograft model","volume":"225","author":"Valdez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5820","article-title":"Mouse-INtraDuctal (MIND): An in vivo model for studying the underlying mechanisms of DCIS malignancy","volume":"256","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.04.002","article-title":"A living biobank of patient-derived ductal carcinoma in situ mouse-intraductal xenografts identifies risk factors for invasive progression","volume":"41","author":"Hutten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1849509","article-title":"Keeping abreast of the mammary epithelial hierarchy and breast tumorigenesis","volume":"23","author":"Visvader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischel, L.L., Beebe, D.J., and Sung, K.E. (2015). Microfluidic model of ductal carcinoma in situ with 3D, organotypic structure. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1007-5"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.01.001","article-title":"The need for complex 3D culture models to unravel novel pathways and identify accurate biomarkers in breast cancer","volume":"69\u201370","author":"Weigelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2013.07.012","article-title":"Extracellular matrix components in breast cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"22 Suppl. 2","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4161\/org.5.2.8321","article-title":"Three-dimensional culture models of mammary gland","volume":"5","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4009","article-title":"Extracellular matrix stiffness and composition jointly regulate the induction of malignant phenotypes in mammary epithelium","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2009.08.005","article-title":"Collagen-based cell migration models in vitro and in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2002.700907.x","article-title":"The organizing principle: Microenvironmental influences in the normal and malignant breast","volume":"70","author":"Bissell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29885","article-title":"Fibronectin assembly regulates lumen formation in breast acini","volume":"122","author":"Magdaleno","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2007.02.004","article-title":"The morphologies of breast cancer cell lines in three-dimensional assays correlate with their profiles of gene expression","volume":"1","author":"Kenny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Chang, H., Giricz, O., Lee, G.Y., Baehner, F.L., Gray, J.W., Bissell, M.J., Kenny, P.A., and Parvin, B. (2010). Molecular predictors of 3D morphogenesis by breast cancer cell lines in 3D culture. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000684"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(82)90388-5","article-title":"How does the extracellular matrix direct gene expression?","volume":"99","author":"Bissell","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-021-00277-8","article-title":"Tumor-on-a-chip: From bioinspired design to biomedical application","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07970","article-title":"p21-Activated kinase 1 coordinates aberrant cell survival and pericellular proteolysis in a three-dimensional culture model for premalignant progression of human breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameni, M., Anbalagan, A., Olive, M.B., Moin, K., Mattingly, R.R., and Sloane, B.F. (2012). MAME models for 4D live-cell imaging of tumor: Microenvironment interactions that impact malignant progression. J. Vis. Exp., e3661.","DOI":"10.3791\/3661"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ando, Y., Ta, H.P., Yen, D.P., Lee, S.S., Raola, S., and Shen, K. (2017). A Microdevice Platform Recapitulating Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironments. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15583-3"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316848111","article-title":"Mechanotransduction of fluid stresses governs 3D cell migration","volume":"111","author":"Polacheck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-017-9559-4","article-title":"Low levels of physiological interstitial flow eliminate morphogen gradients and guide angiogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Shirure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214538916","article-title":"Organs-on-chips (microphysiological systems): Tools to expedite efficacy and toxicity testing in human tissue","volume":"239","author":"Fabre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05058","article-title":"The origins and the future of microfluidics","volume":"442","author":"Whitesides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.05.002","article-title":"Microfluidic 3D cell culture: From tools to tissue models","volume":"35","author":"Trietsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02623578","article-title":"A new diploid nontumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line isolated and propagated in chemically defined medium","volume":"23","author":"Briand","year":"1987","journal-title":"In Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. J. Tissue Cult. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.18457","article-title":"Breast Cancer Cell Line Classification and Its Relevance with Breast Tumor Subtyping","volume":"8","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/85.21.1725","article-title":"Xenograft model of progressive human proliferative breast disease","volume":"85","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/117822341000400004","article-title":"The Expression Patterns of ER, PR, HER2, CK5\/6, EGFR, Ki-67 and AR by Immunohistochemical Analysis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"4","author":"Subik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Basic Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.14.1185a","article-title":"MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of human comedo ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"92","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0363-8","article-title":"Expression of estrogenicity genes in a lineage cell culture model of human breast cancer progression","volume":"120","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"627","article-title":"Differential isolation of normal luminal mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells from primary and metastatic sites using selective media","volume":"53","author":"Ethier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872743","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/872743","article-title":"Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of MCF10DCIS and SUM Breast Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"2013","author":"Barnabas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"7351","article-title":"Tumor progression in four mammary epithelial cell lines derived from the same patient","volume":"50","author":"Band","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-0636","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes regulating the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-018-9405-3","article-title":"In Vitro Models for Studying Invasive Transitions of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ","volume":"24","author":"Brock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-014-0094-8","article-title":"Characterization of ductal carcinoma in situ cell lines established from breast tumor of a Singapore Chinese patient","volume":"14","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samson, J., Derlipanska, M., Zaheed, O., and Dean, K. (2021). Molecular and cellular characterization of two patient-derived ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cell lines, ETCC-006 and ETCC-010. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08511-2"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/51.5.1409","article-title":"A human cell line from a pleural effusion derived from a breast carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Soule","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006461422273","article-title":"Malignant MCF10CA1 cell lines derived from premalignant human breast epithelial MCF10AT cells","volume":"65","author":"Santner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026562720218","article-title":"Progression of premalignant MCF10AT generates heterogeneous malignant variants with characteristic histologic types and immunohistochemical markers","volume":"64","author":"Strickland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"911","article-title":"Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: Preliminary characterization","volume":"14","author":"Cailleau","year":"1978","journal-title":"In Vitr. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-008-9174-2","article-title":"The actin cytoskeleton in cancer cell motility","volume":"26","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4297\/najms.2011.3227","article-title":"E-Cadherin as a diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer","volume":"3","author":"Singhai","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-243733","article-title":"The importance of being a lumen","volume":"28","author":"Bischel","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00514K","article-title":"A microengineered pathophysiological model of early-stage breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000880","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000880","article-title":"High-Throughput Tumor-on-a-Chip Platform to Study Tumor-Stroma Interactions and Drug Pharmacokinetics","volume":"9","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devadas, D., Moore, T.A., Walji, N., and Young, E.W.K. (2019). A microfluidic mammary gland coculture model using parallel 3D lumens for studying epithelial-endothelial migration in breast cancer. Biomicrofluidics, 13.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5123912"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23447","article-title":"Cross-talk between endothelial and breast cancer cells regulates reciprocal expression of angiogenic factors in vitro","volume":"113","author":"Buchanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.297","article-title":"Crosstalk between TEMs and endothelial cells modulates angiogenesis and metastasis via IGF1-IGF1R signalling in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoval, H., Karsch-Bluman, A., Brill-Karniely, Y., Stern, T., Zamir, G., Hubert, A., and Benny, O. (2017). Tumor cells and their crosstalk with endothelial cells in 3D spheroids. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10699-y"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896909333511","article-title":"Angiogenesis in the progression of breast ductal proliferations","volume":"19","author":"Carpenter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.04.007","article-title":"Angiogenesis in pre-malignant conditions","volume":"45","author":"Raica","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00248-4","article-title":"Angiogenesis and invasive recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast","volume":"39","author":"Teo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moccia, C., and Haase, K. (2021). Engineering Breast Cancer On-chip-Moving Toward Subtype Specific Models. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.694218"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0239","article-title":"An Organotypic Mammary Duct Model Capturing Matrix Mechanics-Dependent Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Progression","volume":"27","author":"Kulwatno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. A"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.L., Ma, Y., Wu, C., Shiau, C., Segall, J.E., and Wu, M. (2020). Tumor spheroids under perfusion within a 3D microfluidic platform reveal critical roles of cell-cell adhesion in tumor invasion. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66528-2"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shieh, A.C., and Swartz, M.A. (2011). Regulation of tumor invasion by interstitial fluid flow. Phys. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/8\/1\/015012"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.04.020","article-title":"Autologous chemotaxis as a mechanism of tumor cell homing to lymphatics via interstitial flow and autocrine CCR7 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Shields","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, H.R., Ospina-Munoz, N., Noe-Kim, V., Yang, Y., Elzey, B.D., Konieczny, S.F., and Han, B. (2020). Subtype-specific characterization of breast cancer invasion using a microfluidic tumor platform. PLoS One, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234012"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2018.07.002","article-title":"Downregulation of Rap1Gap: A Switch from DCIS to Invasive Breast Carcinoma via ERK\/MAPK Activation","volume":"20","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H., Kim, H., Lee, S., Youn, H., and Youn, B. (2019). Role of Metabolic Reprogramming in Epithelial(-)Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20082042"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2950","article-title":"What is the malignant nature of human ductal carcinoma in situ?","volume":"11","author":"Espina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13075","article-title":"Collagen production and niche engineering: A novel strategy for cancer cells to survive acidosis in DCIS and evolve","volume":"13","author":"Damaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-019-09796-3","article-title":"Acidosis and proteolysis in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"38","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.046","article-title":"Organotypic microfluidic breast cancer model reveals starvation-induced spatial-temporal metabolic adaptations","volume":"37","author":"Ayuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, H., Mao, S., Li, Q., Sameni, M., Krawetz, S.A., Sloane, B.F., and Mattingly, R.R. (2012). RNA-Seq of human breast ductal carcinoma in situ models reveals aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 5A1 as a novel potential target. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050249"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, E.J., Jackson, R.M., Boerner, J.L., Li, Q., Tennis, M.A., Sloane, B.F., and Mattingly, R.R. (2021). Sprouty4 negatively regulates ERK\/MAPK signaling and the transition from in situ to invasive breast ductal carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252314"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2812","article-title":"Downregulation of Rap1GAP through epigenetic silencing and loss of heterozygosity promotes invasion and progression of thyroid tumors","volume":"70","author":"Zuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050132","article-title":"Rap1GAP inhibits tumor growth in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3025","article-title":"Identification of a putative tumor suppressor gene Rap1GAP in pancreatic cancer","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8057","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14074","article-title":"Low expression of Rap1GAP is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and poor prognosis in gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.02.044","article-title":"Rap1GAP inhibits tumor progression in endometrial cancer","volume":"485","author":"Tamate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-014-9497-1","article-title":"The developing story of Sprouty and cancer","volume":"33","author":"Amini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2011.07.025","article-title":"Live-cell imaging of tumor proteolysis: Impact of cellular and non-cellular microenvironment","volume":"1824","author":"Rothberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuala, K.O., Chalasani, A., Aggarwal, N., Ji, K., and Moin, K. (2024). Paracrine Activation of STAT3 Drives GM-CSF Expression in Breast Carcinoma Cells, Generating a Symbiotic Signaling Network with Breast Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162910"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.135","article-title":"A flexible Ag\/AgCl micro reference electrode based on a parylene tube structure","volume":"247","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4320","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519197113","article-title":"Vimentin coordinates fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte differentiation in wound healing via TGF-beta-Slug signaling","volume":"113","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-020-00402-x","article-title":"Vimentin plays an important role in the promotion of breast cancer cell migration and invasion by leucine aminopeptidase 3","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15966","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3862","article-title":"Vimentin contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition cancer cell mechanics by mediating cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion maturation","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/nmj.NMJ_7_19","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Expression of Vimentin in Invasive Breast Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters","volume":"60","author":"Khillare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Niger. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong, L.J.Y., Chia, S., Wong, S.Q.R., Zhang, X., Chua, H., Loo, J.M., Chua, W.Y., Chua, C., Tan, E., and Hentze, H. (2022). A comparative study of tumour-on-chip models with patient-derived xenografts for predicting chemotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer patients. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.952726"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nashimoto, Y., Okada, R., Hanada, S., Arima, Y., Nishiyama, K., Miura, T., and Yokokawa, R. (2020). Vascularized cancer on a chip: The effect of perfusion on growth and drug delivery of tumor spheroid. Biomaterials, 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119547"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2118697119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2118697119","article-title":"A predictive microfluidic model of human glioblastoma to assess trafficking of blood-brain barrier-penetrant nanoparticles","volume":"119","author":"Straehla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manduca, N., Maccafeo, E., De Maria, R., Sistigu, A., and Musella, M. (2023). 3D cancer models: One step closer to in vitro human studies. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1175503"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.016","article-title":"The evolving tumor microenvironment: From cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth","volume":"41","author":"Joyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.T., Peirsman, A., Tirpakova, Z., Mandal, K., Vanlauwe, F., Maity, S., Kawakita, S., Khorsandi, D., Herculano, R., and Umemura, C. (2023). Engineered Vasculature for Cancer Research and Regenerative Medicine. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14050978"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frohlich, E. (2023). The Variety of 3D Breast Cancer Models for the Study of Tumor Physiology and Drug Screening. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087116"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badr-Eldin, S.M., Aldawsari, H.M., Kotta, S., Deb, P.K., and Venugopala, K.N. (2022). Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Culture Models for Efficient Drug Discovery: Progress So Far and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15080926"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606021","article-title":"Molecular subtyping of DCIS: Heterogeneity of breast cancer reflected in pre-invasive disease","volume":"104","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.08.017","article-title":"Identification of a basal-like subtype of breast ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"38","author":"Livasy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2010.06.007","article-title":"Molecular diversity in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and early invasive breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Muggerud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1127","article-title":"Ductal carcinoma in situ and the emergence of diversity during breast cancer evolution","volume":"14","author":"Allred","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0654-0","article-title":"Analysis of stromal signatures in the tumor microenvironment of ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"123","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/3\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1760027194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/3\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14030220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14030220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4409"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]}}}