{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:41:50Z","timestamp":1784299310728,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["#16SV5536K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["#16SV5537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5537"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["#16SV5538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5538"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["#16SV5837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5837"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["#01UW0808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#01UW0808"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["01GL1716A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716A"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["01GL1716B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716B"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI 2654\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["U54 NS092091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 NS092091"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["#16SV5536K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["#16SV5537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5537"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["#16SV5538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5538"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["#16SV5837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5837"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["#01UW0808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#01UW0808"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["01GL1716A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716A"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["01GL1716B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716B"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI 2654\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["U54 NS092091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 NS092091"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#16SV5536K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#16SV5537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#16SV5538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#16SV5837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#01UW0808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#01UW0808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GL1716A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GL1716B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI 2654\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 NS092091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 NS092091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["#16SV5536K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["#16SV5537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5537"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["#16SV5538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5538"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["#16SV5837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5837"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["#01UW0808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#01UW0808"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["01GL1716A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716A"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["01GL1716B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716B"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI 2654\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"CReATe Consortium","award":["U54 NS092091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 NS092091"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["#16SV5536K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["#16SV5537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5537"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["#16SV5538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5538"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["#16SV5837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5837"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["#01UW0808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#01UW0808"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["01GL1716A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716A"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["01GL1716B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1716B"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI 2654\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"NCATS","award":["U54 NS092091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 NS092091"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored whether blood immune cell profiles are already altered in healthy individuals with a genetic predisposition to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Using multicolor flow cytometry, we analyzed 92 immune cell phenotypes in the blood of 448 healthy participants from the Berlin Aging Study II. We calculated polygenic risk scores (PGSs) using genome-wide significant SNPs from recent large genome-wide association studies on ALS and AD. Linear regression analyses were then performed of the immune cell types on the PGSs in both the overall sample and a subgroup of older participants (&gt;60 years). While we did not find any significant associations between immune cell subtypes and ALS and AD PGSs when controlling for the false discovery rate (FDR = 0.05), we observed several nominally significant results (p &lt; 0.05) with consistent effect directions across strata. The strongest association was observed with CD57+ CD8+ early-memory T cells and ALS risk (p = 0.006). Other immune cell subtypes associated with ALS risk included PD-1+ CD8+ and CD57+ CD4+ early-memory T cells, non-classical monocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells. For AD, na\u00efve CD57+ CD8+ T cells and mature NKG2A+ natural killer cells showed nominally significant associations. We did not observe major immune cell changes in individuals at high genetic risk of ALS or AD, suggesting they may arise later in disease progression. Additional studies are required to validate our nominally significant findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T09:29:26Z","timestamp":1739179766000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Peripheral Immune Profiles in Individuals at Genetic Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9268-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Deecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Ohlei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Goldeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Homann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Toepfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (Including Division of Lipid Metabolism), Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilja","family":"Demuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (Including Division of Lipid Metabolism), Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"BCRT\u2014Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Pawelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Health Sciences North Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Ageing and Epidemiology Unit (AGE), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00612-2","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A neurodegenerative disorder poised for successful therapeutic translation","volume":"22","author":"Mead","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.01.002","article-title":"Sex Differences in Neurodegeneration: The Role of the Immune System in Humans","volume":"91","author":"Kodama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","article-title":"Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.024","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01046-7","article-title":"Immune mechanisms and shared immune targets in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"Weiner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13709","article-title":"No increase of CD8+ TEMRA cells in the blood of healthy adults at high genetic risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Deecke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13136","article-title":"Early \u03b2--amyloid accumulation in the brain is associated with peripheral T cell alterations","volume":"19","author":"Gericke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt018","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II)","volume":"43","author":"Bertram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"T cell phenotypes associated with insulin resistance: Results from the Berlin Aging Study II","volume":"17","author":"Goldeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deecke, L., Goldeck, D., Ohlei, O., Homann, J., Demuth, I., Bertram, L., Pawelec, G., and Lill, C.M. (2024). Immune cell distributions in the blood of healthy individuals at high genetic risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.31.24316489"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/44385","article-title":"Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions","volume":"401","author":"Sallusto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.7.4112","article-title":"Four functionally distinct populations of human effector-memory CD8+ T lymphocytes","volume":"178","author":"Romero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-5-6","article-title":"Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets in young and old people","volume":"5","author":"Koch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4241","article-title":"T memory stem cells in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9563-2","article-title":"Impact of age, sex and CMV-infection on peripheral T cell phenotypes: Results from the Berlin BASE-II Study","volume":"16","author":"Derhovanessian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manenti, S., Orrico, M., Masciocchi, S., Mandelli, A., Finardi, A., and Furlan, R. (2022). PD-1\/PD-L Axis in Neuroinflammation: New Insights. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.877936"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deecke, L., Homann, J., Goldeck, D., Luessi, F., Vandebergh, M., Ohlei, O., Toepfer, S., Zipp, F., Demuth, I., and Morgan, S.L. (medRxiv, 2024). Genome-wide association study reveals different T cell distributions in peripheral blood of healthy individuals at high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes and long COVID, medRxiv, preprint, under review.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.08.24302520"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00973-1","article-title":"Common and rare variant association analyses in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identify 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology","volume":"53","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z","article-title":"New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","volume":"54","author":"Bellenguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2802","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Lambert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04844-5","article-title":"Clonally expanded CD8 T cells characterize amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-4","volume":"606","author":"Campisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0809566","article-title":"CD57+ T lymphocytes and functional immune deficiency","volume":"87","author":"Focosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331","article-title":"PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity","volume":"26","author":"Keir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1548-y","article-title":"Peripheral monocytes are functionally altered and invade the CNS in ALS patients","volume":"132","author":"Zondler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03470.x","article-title":"CD8+ CD28- and CD8+ CD57+ T cells and their role in health and disease","volume":"134","author":"Strioga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1092-y","article-title":"Could Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Originate in the Periphery and If So How So?","volume":"56","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000365632","article-title":"Human natural killer cells: Origin, receptors, function, and clinical applications","volume":"164","author":"Moretta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02769.x","article-title":"The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"76","author":"Shegarfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcz047","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz047","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of methods for assessing polygenic burden on Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and risk beyond APOE","volume":"2","author":"Altmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02931-w","article-title":"APOE4 homozygozity represents a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Fortea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/4\/250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:30:30Z","timestamp":1760027430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/4\/250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14040250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14040250","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.11.13.24316906","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}}}