{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:08Z","timestamp":1787027828819,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["21K06240 and 24K0951104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K06240 and 24K0951104"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["BB\/5015760\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/5015760\/1"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["BB\/P013759\/1 and BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P013759\/1 and BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","award":["21K06240 and 24K0951104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K06240 and 24K0951104"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","award":["BB\/5015760\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/5015760\/1"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)","award":["BB\/P013759\/1 and BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P013759\/1 and BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"]}]},{"name":"Roslin Institute Strategic Grant funding","award":["21K06240 and 24K0951104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K06240 and 24K0951104"]}]},{"name":"Roslin Institute Strategic Grant funding","award":["BB\/5015760\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/5015760\/1"]}]},{"name":"Roslin Institute Strategic Grant funding","award":["BB\/P013759\/1 and BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P013759\/1 and BBS\/E\/RL\/230001C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is well-established as a negative regulator of reproductive physiology and behavior across vertebrates, acting on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis; however, recent data have also demonstrated its involvement in the control of metabolic processes. GnIH neurons and fibers have been identified in hypothalamic regions associated with feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, with GnIH receptors being expressed throughout the hypothalamus. GnIH does not act alone in the hypothalamus, but rather interacts with the melanocortin system, as well as with other neuropeptides. GnIH and its receptors are also expressed in peripheral tissues involved in important metabolic functions. Therefore, the local action of GnIH in peripheral organs, including the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, gonad, and adipose tissue, is also suggested. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the emerging role of GnIH in metabolic regulation at both the central and peripheral levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T11:08:51Z","timestamp":1739358531000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Metabolic Regulation by the Hypothalamic Neuropeptide, Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone at Both the Central and Peripheral Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3429-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You Lee","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5629-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone L.","family":"Meddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4438-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuko","family":"Tobari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3350","article-title":"A novel avian hypothalamic peptide inhibiting gonadotropin release","volume":"275","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. 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