{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T01:10:26Z","timestamp":1778461826658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health","award":["RO1NS129794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1NS129794"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health","award":["RO1NS134644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1NS134644"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal interneurons (SpINs) are pivotal to the function of neural circuits, orchestrating motor, sensory, and autonomic functions in the healthy, intact central nervous system. These interneurons (INs) are heterogeneous, with diverse types contributing to various neural systems, including those that control respiratory function. Research in the last few decades has highlighted the complex involvement of SpINs in modulating motor control. SpINs also partake in motor plasticity by aiding in adapting and rewiring neural circuits in response to injury or disease. This plasticity is crucial in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), where damage often leads to severe and long-term breathing deficits. Such deficits are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with SCI, emphasizing the need for effective interventions. This review will focus on SpIN circuits involved in the modulation of breathing and explore current and emerging approaches that leverage SpINs as therapeutic targets to promote respiratory recovery following SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:48:22Z","timestamp":1739778502000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Targeting Spinal Interneurons for Respiratory Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Paracha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1891-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison N.","family":"Brezinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhea","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Sinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9666-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kajana","family":"Satkunendrarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.24","article-title":"Chronic complications of spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Sezer","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.54.1.155","article-title":"Control of abdominal muscles by brain stem respiratory neurons in the cat","volume":"54","author":"Miller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229267","article-title":"Role of upper cervical inspiratory neurons studied by cross-correlation in the cat","volume":"90","author":"Douse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227296","article-title":"Spinal connections of ventral-group bulbospinal inspiratory neurons studied with cross-correlation in the decerebrate rat","volume":"111","author":"Tian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90278-J","article-title":"Thoracic expiratory motor neurons of the rat: Localization and sites of origin of their premotor neurons","volume":"507","author":"Saji","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903470106","article-title":"Brainstem network controlling descending drive to phrenic motoneurons in rat","volume":"347","author":"Dobbins","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902690104","article-title":"Monosynaptic transmission of respiratory drive to phrenic motoneurons from brainstem bulbospinal neurons in rats","volume":"269","author":"Ellenberger","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1683005","article-title":"Pre-B\u00f6tzinger Complex: A Brainstem Region That May Generate Respiratory Rhythm in Mammals","volume":"254","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2011). Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance. J. Spinal Cord Med., 34, 620\u2013621.","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13218754005537"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmer, M.B., Nantwi, K., and Goshgarian, H.G. (2008). Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Neural Regulation of Respiratory Function, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.015"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.06.014","article-title":"Respiratory recovery following high cervical hemisection","volume":"169","author":"Sandhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm022","article-title":"Sir Charles Sherrington\u2019s The integrative action of the nervous system: A centenary appreciation","volume":"130","author":"Burke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(80)80034-5","article-title":"Generation of spontaneous respiratory rhythm in high spinal cats","volume":"202","author":"Aoki","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328318edb5","article-title":"Respiratory neuron group in the high cervical spinal cord discovered by optical imaging","volume":"19","author":"Oku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, S., Peng, R., Gong, H., and Yang, M. (2023). Changes in respiratory structure and function after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Observations from spinal cord and brain. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1251833"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00847.2002","article-title":"Invited review: The crossed phrenic phenomenon: A model for plasticity in the respiratory pathways following spinal cord injury","volume":"94","author":"Goshgarian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21864","article-title":"Cervical Prephrenic Interneurons in the Normal and Lesioned Spinal Cord of the Adult Rat","volume":"511","author":"Lane","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4034","article-title":"Patterns of phrenic nerve discharge after complete high cervical spinal cord injury in the decerebrate rat","volume":"33","author":"Ghali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streeter, K.A., Sunshine, D., Patel, S.R., Gonzalez-Rothi, E.J., Reier, P.J., Baekey, D.M., and Fuller, D.D. (2019). Mid-cervical interneuron networks following high cervical spinal cord injury. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103305"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0992-17.2017","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxia Enhances Functional Connectivity of Midcervical Spinal Interneurons","volume":"37","author":"Streeter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)95690-D","article-title":"Phrenic responses to contralateral spinal stimulation in rats: Effects of old age or chronic spinal hemisection","volume":"188","author":"Ling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.03.014","article-title":"Spontaneous respiratory plasticity following unilateral high cervical spinal cord injury in behaving rats","volume":"305","author":"Bezdudnaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5045","article-title":"Anatomical Recruitment of Spinal V2a Interneurons into Phrenic Motor Circuitry After High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"34","author":"Zholudeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.02.014","article-title":"Neural control of phrenic motoneuron discharge","volume":"179","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753946","article-title":"Respiratory Management During the First Five Days After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"30","author":"Berlly","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bach, J.R., Burke, L., and Chiou, M. (2020). Conventional Respiratory Management of Spinal Cord Injury, W.B. Saunders.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.004"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.012616","article-title":"Respiratory problems and management in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Berlowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randelman, M., Zholudeva, L.V., Vinit, S., and Lane, M.A. (2021). Respiratory Training and Plasticity After Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.700821"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh, A., Dyck, S.M., and Karimi-Abdolrezaee, S. (2019). Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.008116","article-title":"The respiratory muscles during exercise","volume":"12","author":"Aliverti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, N., Chong, K., and Baydur, A. (2022). Methods and Applications in Respiratory Physiology: Respiratory Mechanics, Drive and Muscle Function in Neuromuscular and Chest Wall Disorders. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.838414"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0003-6","article-title":"Breathing matters","volume":"19","author":"Funk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, V.N., Seedle, K., Turner, S.M., Lorenz, J.N., and Crone, S.A. (2019). V2a neurons constrain extradiaphragmatic respiratory muscle activity at rest. eNeuro, 6.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0492-18.2019"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0081","article-title":"Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the mammalian brainstem","volume":"364","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83654","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83654","article-title":"The integrated brain network that controls respiration","volume":"12","author":"Krohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.07.003","article-title":"Defining preB\u00f6tzinger Complex Rhythm- and Pattern-Generating Neural Microcircuits In Vivo","volume":"91","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashhad, S., and Feldman, J.L. (2020). Emergent Elements of Inspiratory Rhythmogenesis: Network Synchronization and Synchrony Propagation. Neuron, 106.","DOI":"10.1101\/664946"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1595-12.2013","article-title":"Role of Inhibition in Respiratory Pattern Generation","volume":"33","author":"Janczewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3938","article-title":"Optogenetic perturbation of preB\u00f6tzinger complex inhibitory neurons modulates respiratory pattern","volume":"18","author":"Sherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmann, S., Hagos, L., Eulenburg, V., and Hirrlinger, J. (2021). Inspiratory Off-Switch Mediated by Optogenetic Activation of Inhibitory Neurons in the preB\u00f6tzinger Complex In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042019"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18000","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809377105","article-title":"Pacemakers handshake synchronization mechanism of mammalian respiratory rhythmogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Wittmeier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2622","article-title":"Hindbrain interneurons and axon guidance signaling critical for breathing","volume":"13","author":"Bouvier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5595-07.2008","article-title":"B\u00f6tzinger Expiratory-Augmenting Neurons and the Parafacial Respiratory Group","volume":"28","author":"Fortuna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18944","article-title":"A novel excitatory network for the control of breathing","volume":"536","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, A.J., Zanella, S., Koch, H., Doi, A., and Ramirez, J.-M. (2011). Networks Within Networks, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53825-3.00008-5"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10193.1","article-title":"Respiratory rhythm generation: Triple oscillator hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.17.2124","article-title":"Multiple Serotonergic Brainstem Abnormalities in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome","volume":"296","author":"Paterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.07.003","article-title":"The role of the hypothalamus in modulation of respiration","volume":"265","author":"Fukushi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2182-17.2018","article-title":"Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Mediate CO2-Induced Arousal from Sleep","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2018.05.004","article-title":"Serotonergic projections to the ventral respiratory column from raphe nuclei in rats","volume":"143","author":"Morinaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0475-y","article-title":"The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: Integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology","volume":"67","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5439","article-title":"Transplantation of Neural Progenitors and V2a Interneurons After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"35","author":"Zholudeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.08.007","article-title":"Spinal circuitry and respiratory recovery following spinal cord injury","volume":"169","author":"Lane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, V.N., Alilain, W.J., and Crone, S.A. (2020). Role of Propriospinal Neurons in Control of Respiratory Muscles and Recovery of Breathing Following Injury. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00084"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113256","article-title":"Targeted activation of spinal respiratory neural circuits","volume":"328","author":"Sunshine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00249-1","article-title":"Genetic Identification of Spinal Interneurons that Coordinate Left-Right Locomotor Activity Necessary for Walking Movements","volume":"42","author":"Lanuza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowski, N.J., and Dougherty, K.J. (2021). Molecular Sciences Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052667"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00705.2015","article-title":"Phrenic motoneurons: Output elements of a highly organized intraspinal network","volume":"119","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034303","article-title":"Spinal Circuits for Touch, Pain, and Itch","volume":"80","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, A.C., and Sweeney, L.B. (2023). Spinal cords: Symphonies of interneurons across species. Front. Neural Circuits, 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1146449"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00623-3","article-title":"Differentiation and localization of interneurons in the developing spinal cord depends on DOT1L expression","volume":"13","author":"Ferrari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.027","article-title":"Spinal Inhibitory Interneuron Diversity Delineates Variant Motor Microcircuits","volume":"165","author":"Bikoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20711","article-title":"Postnatal phenotype and localization of spinal cord V1 derived interneurons","volume":"493","author":"Alvarez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18553","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2005-13.2013","article-title":"Systems\/Circuits Functional Subpopulations of V3 Interneurons in the Mature Mouse Spinal Cord","volume":"47","author":"Borowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callahan, R.A., Roberts, R., Sengupta, M., Kimura, Y., Higashijima, S.-I., and Bagnall, M.W. (2019). Spinal V2b neurons reveal a role for ipsilateral inhibition in speed control. Elife, 8.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47837"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danner, S.M., Zhang, H., Shevtsova, N.A., Borowska-Fielding, J., Deska-Gauthier, D., Rybak, I.A., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Spinal V3 Interneurons and Left-Right Coordination in Mammalian Locomotion. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00516"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04545","article-title":"V1 spinal neurons regulate the speed of vertebrate locomotor outputs","volume":"440","author":"Gosgnach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22277","article-title":"Probing Diversity within Subpopulations of Locomotor-Related V0 Interneurons","volume":"75","author":"Griener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.06.053","article-title":"Spinal V1 neurons inhibit motor targets locally and sensory targets distally ll Spinal V1 neurons inhibit motor targets locally and sensory targets distally","volume":"31","author":"Sengupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.10.017","article-title":"A Cluster of Cholinergic Premotor Interneurons Modulates Mouse Locomotor Activity","volume":"64","author":"Zagoraiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1979-20.2021","article-title":"Differential Contribution of V0 Interneurons to Execution of Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic Motor Behaviors","volume":"41","author":"Zelenin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54170","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54170","article-title":"Synaptic mechanisms underlying modulation of locomotor-related motoneuron output by premotor cholinergic interneurons","volume":"9","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.09.004","article-title":"Development and functional organization of spinal locomotor circuits","volume":"21","author":"Kiehn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05385-7","article-title":"The neurons that restore walking after paralysis","volume":"611","author":"Kathe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1654-20.2020","article-title":"Spinal Interneurons as Gatekeepers to Neuroplasticity after Injury or Disease","volume":"41","author":"Zholudeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.09.024","article-title":"Respiratory function following bilateral mid-cervical contusion injury in the adult rat","volume":"235","author":"Lane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00834.2014","article-title":"Midcervical neuronal discharge patterns during and following hypoxia","volume":"113","author":"Sandhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"55599","article-title":"Repeated measurement of respiratory muscle activity and ventilation in mouse models of neuromuscular disease","volume":"2017","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0595-z","article-title":"Cervical excitatory neurons sustain breathing after spinal cord injury","volume":"562","author":"Satkunendrarajah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.076","article-title":"A Latent Propriospinal Network Can Restore Diaphragm Function After High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"21","author":"Cregg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.05.013","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia training after C2 hemisection modifies the expression of PTEN and mTOR","volume":"248","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016913","article-title":"Respiratory interneurones in the thoracic spinal cord of the cat","volume":"395","author":"Kirkwood","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00776.2018","article-title":"Locomotor-related V3 interneurons initiate and coordinate muscles spasms after spinal cord injury","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1276","article-title":"Frequency-dependent recruitment of V2a interneurons during fictive locomotion in the mouse spinal cord","volume":"2","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91807-S","article-title":"Respiratory interneurons in the C5 segment of the spinal cord of the cat","volume":"533","author":"Bellingham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019867","article-title":"Axonal Projections and Synaptic Connections of C5 Segment Expiratory Interneurons in the Cat","volume":"470","author":"Duffin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237589","article-title":"An electrophysiological investigation of propriospinal inspiratory neurons in the upper cervical cord of the cat","volume":"61","author":"Lipski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"98","article-title":"Drawing breath without the command of effectors: The control of respiration following spinal cord injury","volume":"203","author":"Warren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7895","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0445-12.2012","article-title":"Irregular Breathing in Mice Following Genetic Ablation of V2a Neurons","volume":"32","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.08.011","article-title":"Differential Loss of Spinal Interneurons in a Mouse Model of ALS","volume":"450","author":"Salamatina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, V.N., Huffman, E.E., Jalufka, F.L., Pritchard, A.L., Baumgartner, S., Walling, I., Gibbs, H.C., McCreedy, D.A., Alilain, W.J., and Crone, S.A. (2024). V2a neurons restore diaphragm function in mice following spinal cord injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 121.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313594121"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1195","article-title":"The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats","volume":"7","author":"Bareyre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2401","article-title":"Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional states after the loss of brain input","volume":"12","author":"Courtine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.007","article-title":"Circuits for Grasping: Spinal dI3 Interneurons Mediate Cutaneous Control of Motor Behavior","volume":"78","author":"Bui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bui, T.V., Stifani, N., Akay, T., and Brownstone, R.M. (2016). Spinal microcircuits comprising dI3 interneurons are necessary for motor functional recovery following spinal cord transection. eLife, 5.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21715"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.09.001","article-title":"GABA, not glycine, mediates inhibition of latent respiratory motor pathways after spinal cord injury","volume":"203","author":"Zimmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm1444","article-title":"Novel oxygen sensing mechanism in the spinal cord involved in cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia","volume":"8","author":"Barioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-023-05698-0","article-title":"Early surgical intervention for acute spinal cord injury: Time is spine","volume":"165","author":"Quddusi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehlings, M.G., Vaccaro, A., Wilson, J.R., Singh, A., WCadotte, D., Harrop, J.S., Aarabi, B., Shaffrey, C., Dvorak, M., and Fisher, C. (2012). Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Results of the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS). PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032037"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06937-0","article-title":"Rapid and robust restoration of breathing long after spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Warren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10199","article-title":"Functional regeneration of respiratory pathways after spinal cord injury","volume":"475","author":"Alilain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1936.117.3.495","article-title":"The Crossed Respiratory Impulses to the Phrenic","volume":"117","author":"Rosenblueth","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Leg. Content"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(77)90093-0","article-title":"Demonstration of functionally ineffective synapses in the guinea pig spinal cord","volume":"57","author":"Goshgarian","year":"1977","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.01.024","article-title":"Postnatal conversion of cross phrenic activity from an active to latent state","volume":"219","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(79)90201-2","article-title":"Developmental plasticity in the respiratory pathway of the adult rat","volume":"66","author":"Goshgarian","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/154596839901300404","article-title":"Spontaneous Functional Recovery in a Paralyzed Hemidiaphragm Following Upper Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats","volume":"13","author":"Nantwi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3049133","article-title":"Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Restores Hand and Arm Function After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"29","author":"Inanici","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01663-5","article-title":"Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis","volume":"28","author":"Rowald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.027","article-title":"Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"86","author":"DiMarco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00252.2009","article-title":"High-frequency spinal cord stimulation of inspiratory muscles in dogs: A new method of inspiratory muscle pacing","volume":"107","author":"DiMarco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.06.001","article-title":"Activation of inspiratory muscles via spinal cord stimulation","volume":"189","author":"DiMarco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.12.014","article-title":"Intraspinal microstimulation for respiratory muscle activation","volume":"302","author":"Sunshine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00026-O","article-title":"Phrenic afferent input excites C1-C2 spinal neurons in rats","volume":"63","author":"Razook","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1291","article-title":"c-Fos expression in the central nervous system elicited by phrenic nerve stimulation","volume":"90","author":"Malakhova","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mickle, A.R., Pe\u00f1aloza-Aponte, J.D., Coffey, R., Hall, N.A., Baekey, D., and Dale, E.A. (2024). Closed-loop cervical epidural stimulation partially restores ipsilesional diaphragm EMG after acute C2 hemisection. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104182"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0262-6","article-title":"Electrical spinal cord stimulation must preserve proprioception to enable locomotion in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Formento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2","article-title":"Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"563","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malone, I.G., Kelly, M.N., Nosacka, R.L., Nash, M.A., Yue, S., Xue, W., Otto, K.J., and Dale, E.A. (2022). Closed-Loop, Cervical, Epidural Stimulation Elicits Respiratory Neuroplasticity after Spinal Cord Injury in Freely Behaving Rats. eNeuro, 9.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0426-21.2021"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753965","article-title":"Diaphragm Pacing Stimulation System for Tetraplegia in Individuals Injured During Childhood or Adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Onders","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700293104","article-title":"Evolving the lock to fit the key to create a family of G protein-coupled receptors potently activated by an inert ligand","volume":"104","author":"Armbruster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldrin-Kirk, P., and Bj\u00f6rklund, T. (2019). Practical Considerations for the Use of DREADD and Other Chemogenetic Receptors to Regulate Neuronal Activity in the Mammalian Brain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9065-8_4"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500325v","article-title":"The first structure-activity relationship studies for designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, V.K., Saldana-Morales, F., Sun, J.J., Zhu, P.J., Costa-Mattioli, M., and Ray, R.S. (2019). Off-target effects of clozapine-N-oxide on the chemosensory reflex are masked by high stress levels. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00521"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.05.033","article-title":"Accessory respiratory muscles enhance ventilation in ALS model mice and are activated by excitatory V2a neurons","volume":"287","author":"Romer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3378-08.2008","article-title":"Light-induced rescue of breathing after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Alilain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282076","article-title":"Optogenetic approaches to therapy for inherited retinal degenerations","volume":"600","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claes, M., De Groef, L., and Moons, L. (2022). The DREADDful Hurdles and Opportunities of the Chronic Chemogenetic Toolbox. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071110"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.06.006","article-title":"Neuronal progenitor transplantation and respiratory outcomes following upper cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats","volume":"225","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608254114","article-title":"Differentiation of V2a interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"114","author":"Butts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0628","article-title":"Generation of V2a Interneurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"23","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.10.016","article-title":"Intraspinal transplantation and modulation of donor neuron electrophysiological activity","volume":"251","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5451","article-title":"Integration of Transplanted Neural Precursors with the Injured Cervical Spinal Cord","volume":"35","author":"Spruance","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0031b.x","article-title":"Spinal interneuronal systems: Identification, multifunctional character and reconfigurations in mammals","volume":"533","author":"Jankowska","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849136","article-title":"Running and breathing in mammals","volume":"219","author":"Bramble","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.016","article-title":"The role of propriospinal interneurons in recovery from spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Flynn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Gal, J.P., Juvin, L., Cardoit, L., Thoby-Brisson, M., and Morin, D. (2014). Remote control of respiratory neural network by spinal locomotor generators. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089670"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, D.D., Rana, S., Smuder, A.J., and Dale, E.A. (2022). The Phrenic Neuromuscular System, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91534-2.00012-6"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1825-15.2016","article-title":"Bimodal respiratory-locomotor neurons in the neonatal rat spinal cord","volume":"36","author":"Juvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-022-00515-9","article-title":"Locomotor-respiratory coupling in ambulatory adults with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Sutor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser. Cases"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277943","article-title":"Respiratory muscle training in athletes with cervical spinal cord injury: Effects on cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity","volume":"597","author":"Gee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.02.029","article-title":"Respiratory muscle training in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Vanlandewijck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.018","article-title":"Ventilation Efficiency and Pulmonary Function After a Wheelchair Interval-Training Program in Subjects With Recent Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"86","author":"Tordi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.08.018","article-title":"Locomotor step training with body weight support improves respiratory motor function in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"189","author":"McKay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Heijden, M.E., and Zoghbi, H.Y. (2020). Development of the brainstem respiratory circuit. WIREs Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.366"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197954","article-title":"Modulation of Bulbospinal Rostral Ventral Lateral Medulla Neurons by Hypoxia\/Hypercapnia but Not Medullary Respiratory Activity","volume":"60","author":"Boychuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1166","article-title":"BDNF is necessary and sufficient for spinal respiratory plasticity following intermittent hypoxia","volume":"7","author":"Fuller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00235.2015","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia and neurorehabilitation","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, A., Arnold, B.M., Caine, S., Toosi, B.M., Verge, V.M.K., and Muir, G.D. (2018). Acute intermittent hypoxia and rehabilitative training following cervical spinal injury alters neuronal hypoxia- and plasticity-associated protein expression. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197486"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113609","article-title":"Serotonergic innervation of respiratory motor nuclei after cervical spinal injury: Impact of intermittent hypoxia","volume":"338","author":"Ciesla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113891","article-title":"Therapeutic acute intermittent hypoxia: A translational roadmap for spinal cord injury and neuromuscular disease","volume":"347","author":"Vose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansen, L., Urbin, M., Mitchell, G.S., and Perez, M.A. (2018). Acute intermittent hypoxia enhances corticospinal synaptic plasticity in humans. eLife, 7.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34304"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113651","article-title":"Effect of acute intermittent hypoxia on cortico-diaphragmatic conduction in healthy humans","volume":"339","author":"Welch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00393-2","article-title":"Plasticity in respiratory motor control: Intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia activate opposing serotonergic and noradrenergic modulatory systems","volume":"130","author":"Kinkead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282822","article-title":"Acute intermittent hypercapnic-hypoxia elicits central neural respiratory motor plasticity in humans","volume":"600","author":"Welch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0353","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Humans with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"41","author":"Welch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113735","article-title":"Single-session effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on breathing function after human spinal cord injury","volume":"342","author":"Sutor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(79)90119-8","article-title":"Coordinated rhythmic bursting in respiratory and locomotor muscle nerves in the spinal rabbit","volume":"11","author":"Viala","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238584","article-title":"Evidence for respiratory and locomotor pattern generators in the rabbit cervico-thoracic cord and for their interactions","volume":"49","author":"Viala","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3109\/08990229409028857","article-title":"Characteristics of slow bursting activities recorded in cervical ventral roots in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat","volume":"11","author":"Viala","year":"1994","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00243214","article-title":"Serotonin reveals ineffective spinal pathways to contralateral phrenic motoneurons in spinally hemisected rats","volume":"101","author":"Ling","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, F., Qin, C., Foreman, R.D., and Farber, J.P. (2004). Chemical activation of C1-C2 spinal neurons modulates intercostal and phrenic nerve activity in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 286.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00427.2003"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480689","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2480689","article-title":"Neuronal-Glial Interactions Maintain Chronic Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2017","author":"Gwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1596-21.2022","article-title":"Differential Activation of Pain Circuitry Neuron Populations in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain","volume":"42","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22936","article-title":"GLT1 overexpression reverses established neuropathic pain-related behavior and attenuates chronic dorsal horn neuron activation following cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"64","author":"Falnikar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12145","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0897-09.2009","article-title":"Spinal Interneuron Axons Spontaneously Regenerate after Spinal Cord Injury in the Adult Feline","volume":"29","author":"Fenrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03477-w","article-title":"New insights into glial scar formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"387","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22455","article-title":"The corticospinal tract: Evolution, development, and human disorders","volume":"77","author":"Welniarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692602","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7692602","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Processes after Spinal Cord Injury: The Case of the Bulbospinal Respiratory Neurons","volume":"2016","author":"Kastner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01148324","article-title":"Regeneration of long spinal axons in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Richardson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00591.x","article-title":"Regrowth of axons into the distal spinal cord through a Schwann-cell-seeded mini-channel implanted into hemisected adult rat spinal cord","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban, M.W., Ghosh, B., Block, C.G., Strojny, L.R., Charsar, B.A., Goul\u00e3o, M., Komaravolu, S.S., Smith, G.M., Wright, M.C., and Li, S. (2019). Long-Distance Axon Regeneration Promotes Recovery of Diaphragmatic Respiratory Function after Spinal Cord Injury. eNeuro, 6.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0096-19.2019"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljovi\u0107, A., Jacobi, A., Marcantoni, M., Kagerer, F., Loy, K., Kendirli, A., Br\u00e4utigam, J., Fabbio, L., Van Steenbergen, V., and Ple\u015bniar, K. (2023). Synaptogenic gene therapy with FGF22 improves circuit plasticity and functional recovery following spinal cord injury. EMBO Mol. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202216111"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.04.027","article-title":"Gsx1 promotes locomotor functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.007","article-title":"TrkB gene therapy by adeno-associated virus enhances recovery after cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"276","author":"Zambrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gransee, H.M., Zhan, W.-Z., Sieck, G.C., and Mantilla, C.B. (2013). Targeted Delivery of TrkB Receptor to Phrenic Motoneurons Enhances Functional Recovery of Rhythmic Phrenic Activity after Cervical Spinal Hemisection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064755"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.214","article-title":"Spinal Delivery of AAV Vector Restores Enzyme Activity and Increases Ventilation in Pompe Mice","volume":"20","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.09.014","article-title":"Gene therapy and respiratory neuroplasticity","volume":"287","author":"Mantilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C.-W., and Zhang, C.-L. (2023). Neuronal regeneration after injury: A new perspective on gene therapy. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1181816"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/4\/288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:35:13Z","timestamp":1760027713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/4\/288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14040288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14040288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]}}}