{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:35:28Z","timestamp":1791315328345,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Kingdom\u2019s National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Scheme","award":["GHR 17\/63\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHR 17\/63\/26"]}]},{"name":"The University of Sheffield Postgraduate Research funds","award":["GHR 17\/63\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHR 17\/63\/26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Demographic studies have revealed a strong association between exposure to high ambient temperatures during pregnancy and increased risks of preterm birth (PTB). The mechanism underlying this association is unclear, but it is plausible that altered placental function may contribute to it. In this study, we conducted differential gene expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene ontology (GO) analysis on bulk RNA-seq data from human placentas delivered at term and preterm during the warmer months compared to placentas delivered at term and preterm during the colder months in the UK. We detected 48 differentially expressed genes in preterm placentas delivered during the warmer months compared to preterm placentas delivered during the colder months, the majority of which were inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including SERPINA1, IL1B, CCL3, CCL3L3, CCL4, CCL4L2, CCL20, and CXCL8. The GSEA positively enriched 17 signalling pathways, including the NF-\u03baB, IL17, Toll-like receptor, and chemokine signalling pathways in preterm placentas delivered during warmer months. These results were not observed in the placentas delivered at term during the same times of the year. The GO analysis revealed several enhanced biological processes, including neutrophil, granulocyte, monocyte, and lymphocyte chemotaxis, as well as inflammatory and humoral immune responses in preterm placentas, but not in placentas delivered at term in the summer. We conclude that maternal exposure to warm environmental temperatures during pregnancy likely alters the placental transcriptomes towards inflammation and immune regulation, potentially leading to PTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:41:12Z","timestamp":1739860872000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seasonal Influences on Human Placental Transcriptomes Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Birth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khondoker M.","family":"Akram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, Faculty of Health, The University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, Faculty of Health, The University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilly O. C.","family":"Anumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, Faculty of Health, The University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32290-X","article-title":"The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Responding to converging crises","volume":"397","author":"Watts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw6974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw6974","article-title":"The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5 \u00b0C","volume":"365","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00586.x","article-title":"Physical exposures during pregnancy and congenital cardiovascular malformations","volume":"18","author":"Judge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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