{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:21:31Z","timestamp":1791408091645,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several immunoregulatory or immune checkpoint receptors including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) have been implicated in glioblastoma progression. Rigorous investigation over the last decade has elucidated TIM-3 as a key player in inhibiting immune cell activation and several key associated molecules have been identified both upstream and downstream that mediate immune cell dysfunction mechanistically. However, despite several reviews being published on other immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 in the glioblastoma setting, no such extensive review exists that specifically focuses on the role of TIM-3 in glioblastoma progression and immunosuppression. Here, we critically summarize the current literature regarding TIM-3 expression as a prognostic marker for glioblastoma, its expression profile on immune cells in glioblastoma patients and the exploration of anti-TIM-3 agents in glioblastoma pre-clinical models for potential clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1740643484000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Role of TIM-3 in Glioblastoma Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Ahmady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"},{"name":"Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2216-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian A.","family":"Achuthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kannourakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"},{"name":"Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodney B.","family":"Luwor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"},{"name":"Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3350, Australia"},{"name":"Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211806, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1596707","article-title":"Malignant astrocytic glioma: Genetics, biology, and paths to treatment","volume":"21","author":"Furnari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes. 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