{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:56:50Z","timestamp":1773964610749,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R16GM153947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16GM153947"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R16 GM145561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16 GM145561"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R16 GM145561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16 GM145561"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIGMS","award":["R16GM153947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16GM153947"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIGMS","award":["R16 GM145561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16 GM145561"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIGMS","award":["R16 GM145561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16 GM145561"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a tumor-suppressing protein currently in clinical trials. We previously demonstrated that IL-24 leads to apoptosis in cancer cells through protein kinase A (PKA) activation in human breast cancer cells. To better understand the mechanism by which IL-24 induces apoptosis, we analyzed the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3\u03b2), a highly conserved serine\/threonine kinase in cancer cells and a downstream target of PKA. Our studies show for the first time that GSK3\u03b2 is inhibited following IL-24 treatment in human prostate cancer cells. We showed that the inhibition of GSK3\u03b2 is mediated through PKA activation triggered by IL-24. IL-24 decreases the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, substantially activating glycogen synthase and decreasing intracellular glucose levels. Notably, the expression of a constitutively active form of GSK3\u03b2 abolishes the effect of IL-24. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of IL-24 in apoptosis mediated through GSK3\u03b2 regulation and its possible implications for metabolic stress, mitochondria dysfunction, and apoptosis. Future studies should precisely delineate the most effective combinations of IL-24 as a GSK3\u03b2 inhibitor with cytotoxic agents for prostate and other cancers. GSK3\u03b2 inhibition disrupts average glucose utilization in cancer cells, potentially creating metabolic stress that could be exploited therapeutically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T06:45:42Z","timestamp":1740725142000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interleukin 24 Promotes Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Glucose Regulation, and Apoptosis by Inactivating Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta in Human Prostate Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anastassiya","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"},{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sual","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simira","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alphons","family":"Sony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5438-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Columba","family":"de la Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moira","family":"Sauane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, New York, NY 10468, USA"},{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.07.013","article-title":"Recent Insights into Apoptosis and Toxic Autophagy: The Roles of MDA-7\/IL-24, a Multidimensional Anti-Cancer Therapeutic","volume":"66","author":"Emdad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S., Lopez, S., Kim, A., Kasteri, J., Olumuyide, E., Punu, K., de la Parra, C., and Sauane, M. (2023). Interleukin 24: Signal Transduction Pathways. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133365"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.08.004","article-title":"Mda-7\/IL-24: A Unique Member of the IL-10 Gene Family Promoting Cancer-Targeted Toxicity","volume":"21","author":"Dash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-2985-00135","article-title":"IL-24 Is Expressed by Rat and Human Macrophages","volume":"205","author":"Garn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.031","article-title":"A Tissue Injury Sensing and Repair Pathway Distinct from Host Pathogen Defense","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00074-6","article-title":"MDA-7\/IL-24: Novel Cancer Growth Suppressing and Apoptosis Inducing Cytokine","volume":"14","author":"Sauane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Zhang, X., and Chong, W. (2022). Interleukin-24 Immunobiology and Its Roles in Inflammatory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020627"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02241-y","article-title":"The Role of Interleukins in the Pathogenesis of Dermatological Immune-Mediated Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Turchin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Prens, E., Florencia, E., Leenen, P., Boon, L., Asmawidjaja, P., Mus, A.-M., and Lubberts, E. (2021). Interleukin-17A Drives IL-19 and IL-24 Expression in Skin Stromal Cells Regulating Keratinocyte Proliferation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.719562"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pwae030","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwae030","article-title":"IL-24 Promotes Atopic Dermatitis-like Inflammation through Driving MRSA-Induced Allergic Responses","volume":"XX","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2012.12.1.1","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Governing IL-24 Gene Expression","volume":"12","author":"Sahoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modi, J., Roy, A., Pradhan, A.K., Kumar, A., Talukdar, S., Bhoopathi, P., Maji, S., Mannangatti, P., De La Rosa, D.S., and Li, J. (2021). Insights into the Mechanisms of Action of MDA-7\/IL-24: A Ubiquitous Cancer-Suppressing Protein. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010072"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., and Xu, Y. (2019). Interleukin-24 Regulates T Cell Activity in Patients With Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01401"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.3853","article-title":"Combination of IL-24 and Cisplatin Inhibits Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis of Cervical Cancer Xenografts in a Nude Mouse Model by Inhibiting VEGF, VEGF-C and PDGF-B","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.5990","article-title":"Interleukin-24 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Cell Migration and Invasion via the JNK\/c-Jun Signaling Pathways","volume":"13","author":"Zhuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70247","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11838","article-title":"IL-24 Modulates the High Mobility Group (HMG) A1\/miR222 \/AKT Signaling in Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"7","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persaud, L., Mighty, J., Zhong, X., Francis, A., Mendez, M., Muharam, H., Redenti, S.M., Das, D., Aktas, B.H., and Sauane, M. (2018). IL-24 Promotes Apoptosis through cAMP-Dependent PKA Pathways in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113561"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Persaud, L., Muharam, H., Francis, A., Das, D., Aktas, B.H., and Sauane, M. (2018). Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A Down-Regulation Mediates Interleukin-24-Induced Apoptosis through Inhibition of Translation. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10050153"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1731","article-title":"Mda-7\/IL-24 Mediates Cancer Cell-Specific Death via Regulation of miR-221 and the Beclin-1 Axis","volume":"77","author":"Pradhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36928","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6047","article-title":"MDA-7\/IL-24 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor Gene in Vivo in Transgenic Mouse Models of Breast Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Menezes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55617-4_7","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-24: Reconfiguring the Tumor Microenvironment for Eliciting Antitumor Response","volume":"1290","author":"Ramesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16271","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3977","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Interleukin (IL)-24 Is Required for Mediating Its Anti-Cancer Activity","volume":"6","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21969","article-title":"Ceramide Plays a Prominent Role in MDA-7\/IL-24-Induced Cancer-Specific Apoptosis","volume":"222","author":"Sauane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.029","article-title":"Sigma 1 Receptor Antagonist Potentiates the Anti-Cancer Effect of P53 by Regulating ER Stress, ROS Production, Bax Levels, and Caspase-3 Activation","volume":"456","author":"Happy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e32833cfbe1","article-title":"MDA-7\/IL-24 as a Cancer Therapeutic: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"21","author":"Dent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.3.8.968","article-title":"MDA-7 Regulates Cell Growth and Radiosensitivity in Vitro of Primary (Non-Established) Human Glioma Cells","volume":"3","author":"Yacoub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152327199","article-title":"Mda-7 (IL-24) Mediates Selective Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells by Inducing the Coordinated Overexpression of the GADD Family of Genes by Means of P38 MAPK","volume":"99","author":"Sarkar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8758","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206891","article-title":"Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) Differentially Protect Human Prostate Cancer Cells from Induction of Apoptosis by Melanoma Differentiation Associated Gene-7, Mda-7\/IL-24","volume":"22","author":"Lebedeva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-09-0073","article-title":"MDA-7\/IL-24-Induced Cell Killing in Malignant Renal Carcinoma Cells Occurs by a Ceramide\/CD95\/PERK-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2077","article-title":"Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta Is Associated with Aggressive Clinicopathological Features in Human Prostate Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E872","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27620","article-title":"Distinct Expression and Activity of GSK-3\u03b1 and GSK-3\u03b2 in Prostate Cancer","volume":"131","author":"Darrington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domoto, T., Uehara, M., Bolidong, D., and Minamoto, T. (2020). Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3\u03b2 in Cancer Biology and Treatment. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061388"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoli, D., Pollak, M., and Topisirovic, I. (2021). The Role of GSK3 in Metabolic Pathway Perturbations in Cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 1868.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2021.119059"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiara, F., and Rasola, A. (2013). GSK-3 and Mitochondria in Cancer Cells. Front. Oncol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00016"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/35017574","article-title":"Requirement for Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta in Cell Survival and NF-kappaB Activation","volume":"406","author":"Hoeflich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2023.100078","article-title":"KLF3 Transcription Activates WNT1 and Promotes the Growth and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer via Activation of the WNT\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, K., and Kazi, J.U. (2022). Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of WNT\/Beta-Catenin Signaling. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.858782"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3030701","article-title":"Mitogen Inactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta in Intact Cells via Serine 9 Phosphorylation","volume":"303","author":"Stambolic","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1415","article-title":"GSK3 Inhibitors: Development and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9012","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1226","article-title":"Pharmacologic Modulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta Promotes P53-Dependent Apoptosis through a Direct Bax-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"65","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, R., Gupta, G., Bhat, A.A., Almalki, W.H., Alzarea, S.I., Kazmi, I., Saleem, S., Khan, R., Altwaijry, N., and Dureja, H. (2023). A Review of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3) Inhibitors for Cancers Therapies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127375"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukasawa, T., Enomoto, A., Yoshizaki-Ogawa, A., Sato, S., Miyagawa, K., and Yoshizaki, A. (2023). The Role of Mammalian STK38 in DNA Damage Response and Targeting for Radio-Sensitization. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072054"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.27728","article-title":"Inhibition of GSK-3\u03b2 Activity Can Result in Drug and Hormonal Resistance and Alter Sensitivity to Targeted Therapy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Sokolosky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156037","article-title":"Phosphorylation by P38 MAPK as an Alternative Pathway for GSK3beta Inactivation","volume":"320","author":"Thornton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3370-1","article-title":"sIL-24 Peptide, a Human Interleukin-24 Isoform, Induces Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells","volume":"80","author":"Valiyari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8986","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1510","article-title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3\u03b2 Inhibition Depletes the Population of Prostate Cancer Stem\/Progenitor-like Cells and Attenuates Metastatic Growth","volume":"5","author":"Kroon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1519","article-title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta Activity Is Required for Androgen-Stimulated Gene Expression in Prostate Cancer","volume":"145","author":"Liao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21300","article-title":"Suppression of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Activity Reduces Tumor Growth of Prostate Cancer in Vivo","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01525.x","article-title":"Mitochondria Regulate the Unfolded Protein Response Leading to Cancer Cell Survival under Glucose Deprivation Conditions","volume":"101","author":"Haga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1090-6","article-title":"Low Glucose and Metformin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells Is Connected to ASK1 via Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Pathways","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0454-4","article-title":"Transient Stabilization, Rather than Inhibition, of MYC Amplifies Extrinsic Apoptosis and Therapeutic Responses in Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Harrington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0850","article-title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibition Induces Glioma Cell Death through c-MYC, Nuclear Factor-kappaB, and Glucose Regulation","volume":"68","author":"Kotliarova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/5\/357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:44:30Z","timestamp":1760028270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/5\/357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14050357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14050357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}