{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:16:43Z","timestamp":1791832603974,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Bio &amp; Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022M3A9J4079468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3A9J4079468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent complications of diabetes, affecting nearly one-third of patients with diabetes mellitus and remaining a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Among the various diabetes-induced complications, DR is of particular importance due to its direct impact on vision and the irreversible damage to the retina. DR is characterized by multiple pathological processes, primarily a hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Current gold standard therapies, such as anti-VEGF injections and photocoagulation, have shown efficacy in slowing disease progression. However, challenges such as drug resistance, partial therapeutic responses, and the reliance on direct eye injections\u2014which often result in low patient compliance\u2014remain unresolved. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms in DR, the current therapies, and their unmet needs for DR treatment. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies for improving DR treatment outcomes are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:43:31Z","timestamp":1741085011000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Diabetic Retinopathy (DR): Mechanisms, Current Therapies, and Emerging Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyewon","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbukk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI hub), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Ji","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbukk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI hub), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsoo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbukk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI hub), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korkmaz, H.A., Dogan, B., Devebacak, A., De\u011firmenci, C., and Afrashi, F. 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