{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:42:33Z","timestamp":1783953753148,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response, mediating cellular interactions with the microenvironment and influencing periodontal disease progression. This in vitro study aimed to comprehensively characterize the TLR expression profile of periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem\/progenitor cells (PDLSCs) and investigate its modulation by inflammatory stimuli associated with periodontal disease. PDLSCs (n = 6) were isolated, selected using anti-STRO-1 antibodies, and cultured to evaluate their colony-forming abilities and stem\/progenitor characteristics. Baseline and inflammation-induced TLR expressions were evaluated using RT-PCR and protein analyses following cytokine-mediated stimulation. PDLSCs exhibited the expected stem cell characteristics and expressed multiple TLRs under both conditions. Notably, inflammatory stimulation significantly upregulated TLR1 and TLR2 while downregulating TLR10 (p &lt; 0.05). These findings provide a comprehensive characterization of TLR expression in PDLSCs and demonstrate how inflammation modulates their innate immune profile. The observed shifts in TLR expression may influence PDLSC responses to microbial pathogens and impact their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties in periodontal tissues. Understanding these interactions could contribute to developing targeted strategies for improving PDLSC-based therapies in periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1741926558000},"page":"432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inflammatory Modulation of Toll-like Receptors in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: Implications for Periodontal Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4294-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mekhemar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht\u2019s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immo","family":"Terheyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht\u2019s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2508-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"D\u00f6rfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht\u2019s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Fawzy El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht\u2019s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"},{"name":"Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Unit, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","article-title":"Periodontitis: From microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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