{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1787027829132,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/03614-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/03614-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/03609-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/03609-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered an important health issue worldwide. The renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade through the administration of angiotensin II receptor blockers, such as Losartan (LOS), has been considered the best strategy for CKD treatment for decades. However, this approach promotes only partial detention of CKD progression and cannot reverse renal damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the therapeutic administration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from adipose stem cells (ASCs), associated to LOS treatment, would promote additional renoprotection in rats underwent the 5\/6 renal ablation CKD model. ASC-derived EV were administered locally, in the renal subcapsular area, 15 days after CKD induction, when LOS therapy also began. Animals were followed for additional 15 days and our results demonstrated that subcapsular injection of ASC-derived EV associated with LOS significantly reduced glomerulosclerosis, renal interstitial infiltration by myofibroblasts, and macrophages in the 5\/6 CKD model. Additionally, LOS + EV abrogated systemic hypertension, proteinuria, and albuminuria, and stimulated local gene overexpression of the endogenous anti-inflammatory Il-4. Although more studies are still required to establish the best EV dose and administration route, these findings point to therapy with ASC-derived EV as a potential adjuvant in CKD treatment<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1741926558000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as Adjuvants in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Noda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4\u00b0 Andar, 4304, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana L. R.","family":"Francini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4\u00b0 Andar, 4304, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57200-000, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8657-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J.","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4\u00b0 Andar, 4304, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando L. A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, University Center of ABC Medical School, Santo Andre 09060-650, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda T.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e3o C.","family":"Sobrinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Taniwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene L.","family":"Noronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4\u00b0 Andar, 4304, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4425-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Nephrology, Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4\u00b0 Andar, 4304, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney disease: An Update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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