{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:31:10Z","timestamp":1789000270811,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NEI","award":["R01EY033808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY033808"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NEI","award":["R15EY034305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15EY034305"]}]},{"name":"Oakland University Provost Undergraduate Research Award","award":["R01EY033808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY033808"]}]},{"name":"Oakland University Provost Undergraduate Research Award","award":["R15EY034305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15EY034305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) have neovascularization of the retina, potentially resulting in low vision and even blindness. Some of these infants still have visual impairment, even if ROP resolves as they age. However, the mechanisms underlying the visual problems post\u2013ROP are poorly understood. Because the pathological neovascularization in ROP infants can be mimicked in a mouse model with oxygen\u2013induced retinopathy (OIR), we recapitulated post\u2013ROP with post\u2013OIR mice a few months after spontaneous regression of retinal neovascularization. Our pattern electroretinogram test demonstrates that post\u2013OIR mice exhibit reduced P1\u2013N2 responses, suggesting the impairment of retinal ganglion cells, the retina\u2019s output neurons. However, immunohistochemistry reveals that the density of retinal ganglion cells remains unchanged in post\u2013OIR mice, indicating that the aforementioned pattern electroretinogram changes are functional. Our data further demonstrate that both light\u2013adapted ex vivo electroretinogram a\u2013waves (cone responses) and in vivo electroretinogram b\u2013waves (ON cone bipolar cell responses) were significantly impaired in post\u2013OIR mice. These results suggest that post\u2013OIR impairment of the retinal cone pathway appears to result in the dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells, contributing to visual problems. A similar cellular mechanism could occur in post\u2013ROP children, which is responsible for their visual impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:21:04Z","timestamp":1743398464000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long\u2013Term Impairment of Retinal Ganglion Cell Function After Oxygen\u2013Induced Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Bumbaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laith S.","family":"Fakhouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao-Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e56168","article-title":"A Narrative Review on Managing Retinopathy of Prematurity: Insights Into Pathogenesis, Screening, and Treatment Strategies","volume":"16","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055813","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1055813","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta\u2013analysis","volume":"11","author":"Diggikar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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