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impaired. HF can be subclassified into heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), each with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and varying levels of severity. The progression of HF is significantly driven by cardiac fibrosis, a pathological process in which the extracellular matrix undergoes abnormal and uncontrolled remodelling. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by excessive matrix protein deposition and the activation of myofibroblasts, increasing the stiffness of the heart, thus disrupting its normal structure and function and promoting lethal arrythmia. MicroRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, collectively known as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have recently gained significant attention due to a growing body of evidence suggesting their involvement in cardiac remodelling such as fibrosis. ncRNAs can be found in the peripheral blood, indicating their potential as biomarkers for assessing HF severity. In this review, we critically examine recent advancements and findings related to the use of ncRNAs as biomarkers of HF and discuss their implication in fibrosis development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1744200356000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as Indicators of Fibrosis and Heart Failure Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Veronika","family":"Boichenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Cardiovascular and Surgical Sciences, The University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, P.le. La Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria Maria","family":"Noakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict","family":"Reilly-O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Luciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Cardiovascular and Surgical Sciences, The University of Verona, Policlinico G. 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La Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2392-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costanza","family":"Emanueli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Gorelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01046-6","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Heart Failure","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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