{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:27:57Z","timestamp":1790364477981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural products (NPs) are considered to be the oldest medicine in human history and numerous NPs have been investigated to search for therapeutic agents in various diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, Parkinson\u2019s, Alzheimer\u2019s, and Huntington\u2019s disease have been increasing following the extension of human lifespans. Neuroinflammation is a key factor in the genesis of several neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, many studies have been focused on finding therapeutics for the reduction in neuroinflammation. Microglia cells are found in the central nervous system (CNS) and these play a crucial role in the regulation of neuroinflammation; thus, the importance of microglia research has been recognized. This review focuses on recent research trends in finding neuroinflammatory regulators in microglia by using NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14080571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:41:51Z","timestamp":1744270911000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Natural Products in the Treatment of Neuroinflammation at Microglia: Recent Trend and Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chi-Su","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000240","article-title":"Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States","volume":"82","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapp, T., Chauvin, P., Costa, N., and Molinier, L. (2015). Section 1.4. Health economic considerations in neurodegenerative disorders. Imaging Neurodegenerative Disorder, Oxford Academy.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199671618.003.0004"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamptey, R.N.L., Chaulagain, B., Trivedi, R., Gothwal, A., Layek, B., and Singh, J. (2022). A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031851"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.05.002","article-title":"Why neurodegenerative diseases are progressive: Uncontrolled inflammation drives disease progression","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100117","article-title":"Microglia in the human infant brain and factors that affect expression","volume":"7","author":"Ambrose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.114298","article-title":"Flavaglines with anti-neuroinflammatory activity from Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall. and structure revision of related flavaglines","volume":"229","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10049-7","article-title":"Microglia: A sensor for pathological events in the CNS","volume":"19","author":"Kreutzberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1997","article-title":"Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain","volume":"10","author":"Hanisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1472","article-title":"ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Davalos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00015-H","article-title":"Microglia: Intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain","volume":"20","author":"Gehrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00794-8","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative disease-a double-edged sword","volume":"35","author":"Mucke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01661-1","article-title":"Interleukin 1 in the brain: Biology, pathology and therapeutic target","volume":"23","author":"Rothwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90380-R","article-title":"Beta-amyloid stimulates glial cells in vitro to produce growth factors that accumulate in senile plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"569","author":"Araujo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.10.021","article-title":"Valproate pretreatment protects dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary midbrain cultures: Role of microglia","volume":"134","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","article-title":"Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts","volume":"179","author":"Prinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-08-02163.1986","article-title":"Characterization of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain","volume":"6","author":"Giulian","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90215-5","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain","volume":"15","author":"Perry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90229-W","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain","volume":"39","author":"Lawson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra, A., Abiega, O., Shahraz, A., and Neumann, H. (2013). Janus-faced microglia: Beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis. Front. Cell Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00006"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosi, D., Lana, D., Giovannini, M.G., Delfino, G., and Zecchi-Orlandini, S. (2021). Neuroinflammation: Integrated Nervous Tissue Response through Intercellular Interactions at the \u201cWhole System\u201d Scale. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051195"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07442.1995","article-title":"Regulated secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein in rat brain","volume":"15","author":"Farber","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.020","article-title":"Local Cues Establish and Maintain Region-Specific Phenotypes of Basal Ganglia Microglia","volume":"95","author":"Schuebel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e10639","article-title":"Role of Lifestyle in Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis in an Aging Brain","volume":"12","author":"Maharjan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Rosa, C., Parolisi, R., and Bonfanti, L. (2020). Brain Structural Plasticity: From Adult Neurogenesis to Immature Neurons. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00075"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"217","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(96)80220-2","article-title":"Microglia: A sensor to threats in the nervous system?","volume":"147","author":"Gehrmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440010502","article-title":"Functional plasticity of microglia: A review","volume":"1","author":"Streit","year":"1988","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1106","article-title":"Immune function of microglia","volume":"36","author":"Aloisi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199804)22:4<401::AID-GLIA9>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"NF-kappaB modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial nerve growth factor expression","volume":"22","author":"Heese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199809140-00020","article-title":"Microglial activation in multiple system atrophy: A potential role for NF-kappaB\/rel proteins","volume":"9","author":"Schwarz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1372","article-title":"Inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappaB in the central nervous system ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Loo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, E., Motolani, A., Campos, L., and Lu, T. (2022). The Pivotal Role of NF-kB in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168972"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2004.10.001","article-title":"Catalase induced expression of inflammatory mediators via activation of NF-kappaB, PI3K\/AKT, p70S6K, and JNKs in BV2 microglia","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-3","article-title":"Microglial MAC1 receptor and PI3K are essential in mediating \u03b2-amyloid peptide-induced microglial activation and subsequent neurotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501441112","article-title":"HDAC inhibition prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia\/macrophage polarization through the GSK3\u03b2\/PTEN\/Akt axis","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cianciulli, A., Porro, C., Calvello, R., Trotta, T., Lofrumento, D.D., and Panaro, M.A. (2020). Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation: Focus on PI3K Modulation. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010137"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Cao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, H., Ye, R., and Yao, J. (2023). Downregulation of PIK3IP1 in retinal microglia promotes retinal pathological neovascularization via PI3K-AKT pathway activation. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39473-z"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199709290-00014","article-title":"Induction of the dual specificity phosphatase PAC1 in rat brain following seizure activity","volume":"8","author":"Boschert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199803300-00020","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases activated by lipopolysaccharide and beta-amyloid in cultured rat microglia","volume":"9","author":"Pyo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-12-04451.1998","article-title":"beta-Amyloid fibrils activate parallel mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in microglia and THP1 monocytes","volume":"18","author":"McDonald","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24829","article-title":"Extracellular signal-regulated kinase regulates microglial immune responses in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23658","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513646200","article-title":"MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 deficiency in microglia inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator release and resultant neurotoxicity. Relevance to neuroinflammation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"281","author":"Culbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-011-9645-9","article-title":"Nrf2 expression by neurons, astroglia, and microglia in the cerebral cortical penumbra of ischemic rats","volume":"46","author":"Dang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450111009011517","article-title":"Targeting heme oxygenase-1 for neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"Jazwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc1428","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc1428","article-title":"Therapeutics potentiating microglial p21-Nrf2 axis can rescue neurodegeneration caused by neuroinflammation","volume":"6","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr, F., Sofola-Adesakin, O., Ivanov, D.K., Gatliff, J., Perez-Nievas, B.G., Bertrand, H.C., Martinez, P., Callard, R., Snoeren, I., and Cochem\u00e9, H.M. (2017). Direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruption as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006593"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Buttari, B., Profumo, E., Tucci, P., and Saso, L. (2022). A Perspective on Nrf2 Signaling Pathway for Neuroinflammation: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.787258"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180286","article-title":"Microglia CREB-Phosphorylation Mediates Amyloid-\u03b2-Induced Neuronal Toxicity","volume":"66","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1159\/000341433","article-title":"Atorvastatin and simvastatin, but not pravastatin, up-regulate LPS-induced MMP-9 expression in macrophages by regulating phosphorylation of ERK and CREB","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.3.1307","article-title":"HIV glycoprotein 120 enhances intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in glial cells. Involvement of Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription and protein kinase C signaling pathways","volume":"156","author":"Shrikant","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(96)00079-4","article-title":"Biological activity of interleukin-10 in the central nervous system","volume":"30","author":"Zocchia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: From bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.05.011","article-title":"STAT1 drives M1 microglia activation and neuroinflammation under hypoxia","volume":"669","author":"Butturini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531211070532","article-title":"Role of JAK\/STAT in the Neuroinflammation and its Association with Neurological Disorders","volume":"28","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1039\/C0NP00017E","article-title":"Bringing natural products into the fold\u2014Exploring the therapeutic lead potential of secondary metabolites for the treatment of protein-misfolding-related neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"28","author":"Joyner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"699","article-title":"Approved drugs and natural products at clinical stages for treating Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200690041","article-title":"Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Inula","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M.R., Huang, L.F., Guo, C., Yang, J., Dong, S., Tang, J.J., and Gao, J.M. (2022). Identification of NLRP3 as a covalent target of 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone against neuroinflammation by quantitative thiol reactivity profiling (QTRP). Bioorg. Chem., 119.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105536"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J.J., Huang, L.F., Deng, J.L., Wang, Y.M., Guo, C., Peng, X.N., Liu, Z., and Gao, J.M. (2022). Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of OABL, a sesquiterpene lactone in 5xFAD Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice model. Redox. Biol., 50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102229"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0642-1966","article-title":"Safety and Toxicology of Magnolol and Honokiol","volume":"84","author":"Sarrica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153692","article-title":"Magnolol attenuates depressive-like behaviors by polarizing microglia towards the M2 phenotype through the regulation of Nrf2\/HO-1\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"91","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, H., Jiang, Y., Yang, Q., Fu, Y., Zeng, H., H\u00f6lscher, C., Xu, J., and Zhang, Z. (2020). Magnolol alleviates Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology in transgenic C. elegans by promoting microglia phagocytosis and the degradation of beta-amyloid through activation of PPAR-\u03b3. Biomed. Pharmacother., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109886"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00284-z","article-title":"Liquiritigenin Decreases A\u03b2 Levels and Ameliorates Cognitive Decline by Regulating Microglia M1\/M2 Transformation in AD Mice","volume":"39","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7665","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in models of Parkinson\u2019s disease via JNK\/AKT\/NF\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01370-2","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin Reduces LPS-Induced Inflammation by Preventing Mitochondrial Fission in BV-2 Microglial Cells","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113536","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin alleviates neuropathic pain by reducing microglia inflammation through inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway and decreasing CEBPB transcription expression","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janczewski, \u0141. (2022). Sulforaphane and Its Bifunctional Analogs: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051750"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.148206","article-title":"Sulforaphane attenuates microglia-mediated neuronal damage by down-regulating the ROS\/autophagy\/NLRP3 signal axis in fibrillar A\u03b2-activated microglia","volume":"1801","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.014","article-title":"Sulforaphane attenuates microglia-mediated neuronal necroptosis through down-regulation of MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia","volume":"133","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500507","article-title":"Pharmacological Effects of Ginseng: Multiple Constituents and Multiple Actions on Humans","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Chen, J., Xie, Z., Fang, J., Wu, Q., Cao, X., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., Fan, Q., and Wang, Q. (2025). Ginsenoside Ro ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 mice via the IBA1\/GFAP-MAPK signaling pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1528590"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2024.2355008","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates neuroinflammation and hippocampal neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury in mice by inactivating the NF-kB pathway via SIRT1 activation","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12337","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re exhibits neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuroinflammation via CAMK\/MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling in microglia","volume":"24","author":"Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Yoon, C.S., Cao, T.Q., Lee, H., Kim, I.C., Yim, J.H., Sohn, J.H., Lee, D.S., and Oh, H. (2025). Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Prenylated Indole Alkaloids from the Antarctic Fungus Aspergillus sp. Strain SF-7367. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020294"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118877","article-title":"Phytochemical constituents from root barks of Eleutherococcus henryi Oliv. and their anti-neuroinflammatory effect","volume":"337","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janpaijit, S., Sukprasansap, M., Tencomnao, T., and Prasansuklab, A. (2024). Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential of Areca Nut Extract and Its Bioactive Compounds in Anthracene-Induced BV-2 Microglial Cell Activation. Nutrient, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172882"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118943","article-title":"Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehder fruit attenuates aging behaviors and neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"337","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00853-2","article-title":"Network pharmacology: A bright guiding light on the way to explore the personalized precise medication of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118807","article-title":"Extract of Tinospora sinensis alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice by regulating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"337","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La, C., Li, M., Wang, Z., Liu, T., Zeng, Q., Sun, P., Ren, Z., Ye, C., Liu, Q., and Wang, Y. (2024). Isolation and anti-neuroinflammation activity of sesquiterpenoids from Artemisia argyi: Computational simulation and experimental verification. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04578-z"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/8\/571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:11:58Z","timestamp":1760029918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/8\/571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14080571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14080571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]}}}