{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1790140172447,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":365,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. Traditionally considered a T-cell-mediated disease, the crucial role of B lymphocytes in its pathogenesis, through different mechanisms contributing to inflammation and autoreactivity, is increasingly recognized. The risk of long-term disability in MS patients can be reduced by an early treatment initiation, in particular with high-efficacy therapies. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of high-efficacy therapies for MS, with a focus on their impact on B cells and how this contributes to the drugs\u2019 efficacy and safety profiles. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, Alemtuzumab, Cladribine and sequestering therapies encompassing Natalizumab and S1P receptors modulators will be discussed and emerging therapies, including Bruton\u2019s Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors, will be presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14080606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:48:46Z","timestamp":1744850926000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of High-Efficacy Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis on B Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3968-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Galota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Marcheselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"De Biasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Gibellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Vitetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2682-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Smolik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"De Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2242-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Cardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cossarizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1583","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1583","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Mey","year":"2023","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. 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