{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:02:40Z","timestamp":1788080560298,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200178"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200178"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and there is increasing interest in identifying natural compounds with anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from five moss species (Dicranum scoparium, Fontinalis antipyretica, Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum formosum, and Tortella tortuosa) with a focus on their neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory potential. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of phenols (up to 24.77 mg GAE\/g), phenolic acids (up to 235.48 mg CAE\/g), and triterpenoids (up to 367.98 mg UAE\/g). A series of in vitro assays, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase inhibition, MTT, NBT, Griess, and ELISA, were used to assess their bioactivity. Several extracts, particularly ethanolic, significantly inhibited AChE activity, while tyrosinase inhibition was moderate and concentration-dependent. Most extracts maintained &gt;85% cell metabolic activity in BV2 mouse microglia and L929 mouse fibroblasts. Moss extracts significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in BV2 cells and reduced microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells. These findings indicate that moss-derived extracts possess promising anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective properties that warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14110780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:49:52Z","timestamp":1748234992000},"page":"780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Moss Extracts as Natural Neuroprotective Agents: Mitigating LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tijana D.","family":"Stojanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Company \u201cNuclear Facilities of Serbia\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry \u201cIvan Djaja\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija R.","family":"Raki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry \u201cIvan Djaja\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3506-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija V.","family":"\u0106osi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana M.","family":"Oal\u0111e Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta D.","family":"Sabovljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5809-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko S.","family":"Sabovljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik University in Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e1nesova 23, 04001 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan \u0110.","family":"Bo\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry \u201cIvan Djaja\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biljana \u0110.","family":"Bo\u017ei\u0107 Nedeljkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry \u201cIvan Djaja\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milorad M.","family":"Vuji\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1291-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja M.","family":"Luni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry \u201cIvan Djaja\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110649","article-title":"Bryophytes as a source of bioactive volatile terpenoids\u2013A review","volume":"132","author":"Ludwiczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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