{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:21:13Z","timestamp":1769577673995,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Bowel Disease Research Foundation (BDRF)"},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s Foundation"},{"name":"St Mark\u2019s Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising incidence of colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis underscores an urgent need for regenerative solutions to address functional deficits after colectomy. However, the creation of clinically applicable large intestine scaffolds remains underdeveloped. Here, we report the successful generation and thorough characterisation of transplantable-sized porcine large intestinal scaffolds via perfusion decellularisation. This method effectively preserved extracellular matrix (ECM) structural and biochemical integrity while minimising immunogenicity through cellular component removal. Crucially, native vasculature remained intact, confirmed by histology, DNA quantification, and high-resolution CT angiography. Despite efficient decellularisation, challenges including residual nucleic acids, ECM heterogeneity, and partial microvascular occlusion were noted, echoing ongoing limitations in engineered, perfusable, full-thickness scaffolds. In vivo implantation demonstrated favourable biocompatibility and host integration; however, thrombosis occurred due to the lack of pre-seeded cells, emphasising the necessity of recellularisation for functional perfusion prior to implantation. This study addresses significant field limitations, presenting the first reproducible approach for structurally intact, perfusable, full-thickness large intestinal scaffolds of transplantable dimensions. Our innovations offer a strong foundation for future integration of patient-derived cells, stem cells, and organoids, progressing toward clinically viable, scalable, tissue-engineered large intestine constructs, from xenogeneic sources, relevant for regenerative medicine, disease modelling, and pharmacological screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14110817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1748867229000},"page":"817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Development and Characterisation of A Porcine Large Intestinal Biological Scaffold by Perfusion Decellularisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3241-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murali","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research\u2014The Griffin Institute, London HA1 3UJ, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin V.","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research\u2014The Griffin Institute, London HA1 3UJ, UK"},{"name":"Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gauraang","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, St Mark\u2019s Hospital and Academic Institute, London NW10 7NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Gabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lennard-Jones Intestinal Failure Unit, St Mark\u2019s Hospital and Academic Institute, London NW10 7NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research\u2014The Griffin Institute, London HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahera","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research\u2014The Griffin Institute, London HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00586-x","article-title":"Building gut from scratch\u2014progress and update of intestinal tissue engineering","volume":"19","author":"Tullie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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