{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:01:38Z","timestamp":1790996498698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by dopaminergic neuronal loss. Tissue stem cell-based therapies have emerged as promising candidates for disease modification and symptomatic relief. This scoping review aims to systematically synthesise the literature on tissue stem cell therapies for PD across cellular, animal, and human studies, with a focus on transplantation strategies, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic outcomes. (2) Methods: We identified 1017 records by querying PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and the Virtual Health Library. After screening and applying eligibility criteria, 33 experimental studies were included. Data were extracted on study design, tissue stem cell source, type of subject, and therapeutic effects. (3) Results: Most studies (n = 25) involved animal models, with a minority (n = 8) focusing on human applications. Tissue stem cell therapies showed potential to promote dopaminergic differentiation, reduce inflammation and apoptosis, and improve behavioural and motor outcomes. Autologous transplants yielded a higher safety and efficacy compared to allogeneic ones. The beneficial mechanisms of tissue stem cells included neurotrophic support, mitochondrial protection, modulation of the gut\u2013brain axis, and \u03b1-synuclein clearance. (4) Conclusions: Tissue stem cell therapies represent a promising approach for PD. However, standardised protocols and long-term safety assessments are essential to optimise their translational potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14110822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1748867229000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tissue Stem Cell-Based Therapies in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Scoping Review of Therapeutic Mechanisms and Translational Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Cueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Wiesheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaira","family":"Sordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2986-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jailene","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Falconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Escuela de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-6460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose E.","family":"Leon-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebro, Emoci\u00f3n y Conducta (CEC) Research Group, Medical School, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3654","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"311","author":"Connolly","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0257-7","article-title":"The Future of Stem Cell Therapies for Parkinson Disease","volume":"21","author":"Parmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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