{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T17:11:14Z","timestamp":1792948274789,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ajman University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by neuronal loss, cognitive decline, and pathological hallmarks such as amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Recent evidence highlights autophagy as a pivotal mechanism in cellular homeostasis, mediating the clearance of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. However, impaired autophagy contributes significantly to AD pathogenesis by disrupting proteostasis, exacerbating neuroinflammation, and promoting synaptic dysfunction. This review aims to scrutinize the intricate relationship between autophagy dysfunction and AD progression, explaining key pathways including macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and selective autophagy processes such as mitophagy and aggrephagy. This further extends the discussion beyond the central nervous system, evaluating the role of hepatic autophagy in A\u03b2 clearance and systemic metabolic regulation. An understanding of autophagy\u2019s involvement in AD pathology via various mechanisms could give rise to a novel therapeutic strategy targeting autophagic modulation to mitigate disease progression in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14120911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:37:07Z","timestamp":1750131427000},"page":"911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Autophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms and Impact Beyond the Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaw Myo","family":"Hein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirupathirao","family":"Vishnumukkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Discipline, Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, IMU University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barani","family":"Karikalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Petaling Jaya 42610, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisyah","family":"Alkatiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Discipline, Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, IMU University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farida","family":"Hussan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Discipline, Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, IMU University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Jagadeesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lakeside Campus, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Amir","family":"Kamaruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Danial","family":"Che Ramli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che Mohd Nasril","family":"Che Mohd Nassir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1428-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prarthana Kalerammana","family":"Gopalakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Discipline, Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, IMU University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The Neuropathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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