{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1760059717293,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"name":"HSFO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dilated cardiomyopathy affects greater than 1 in 2500 patients worldwide, including those with the neuromuscular disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). While inflammation within skeletal muscle is strongly associated with DMD pathology, the key biomarkers for inflammation and possible targets for therapy within cardiac tissue in DMD-associated dilated cardiomyopathy remain to be identified. One such potential target is the myocardial ghrelin-growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) system, which is associated with cardiomyocyte survival and inhibition of inflammation. We sought to determine alterations in myocardial GHSR together with markers of cardiac inflammation using mdx:utrn\u2212\/\u2212 mice as a model for DMD-associated dilated cardiomyopathy. With traditional histopathology, we determined that the pathology of DMD in mdx:utrn\u2212\/\u2212 mice was characterized by disruption of myofiber organization, lymphocytic infiltration, and extensive cardiomyocyte vacuolization and necrosis surrounding areas of fibrosis in the left ventricular wall and apex. Using a fluorescent ghrelin analog, Cy5-ghrelin (1\u201319), to visualize GHSR with fluorescence confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that GHSR is elevated in mdx\/utrn\u2212\/\u2212 myocardial tissues and correlates strongly with both F4-80 (activated macrophages) and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokine), and negatively with cardiac function. We also show that GHSR can be visualized in pro-inflammatory macrophages, suggesting a direct role for GHSR in the inflammatory progression of DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14131002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1751347708000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR) Is Elevated in Myocardial Tissues of DMD mdx:utrn\u2212\/\u2212 Mice, and Correlates Strongly with Inflammatory Markers, and Negatively with Cardiac Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Naghibosadat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McClennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Egiian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reema","family":"Flynn-Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Lalonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9022-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlie","family":"Charron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anish","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard G.","family":"Luyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savita","family":"Dhanvantari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4409-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Program, Lawson Research Institute\/SJHC, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.061","article-title":"Arrhythmias and Dilated Cardiomyopathy Common Pathogenetic Pathways?","volume":"57","author":"Towbin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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