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Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have revealed remarkable molecular heterogeneity within the LHA, identifying more than 30 distinct neuronal subtypes, such as GABAergic (LHAVgat), glutamatergic (LHAVglut2), orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and leptin receptor-expressing (LHALepr) neurons. These neuronal populations sense peripheral metabolic signals\u2014such as leptin, insulin, and glucose\u2014both directly and indirectly, and they coordinate appropriate physiological and behavioral responses through local circuits and reciprocal connections with other hypothalamic nuclei. Furthermore, the LHA interfaces with extrahypothalamic regions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and lateral habenula (LHb), thereby linking metabolic state to reward processing and behavioral prioritization. In this review, we summarize and integrate recent molecular and functional findings to present a comprehensive view of the LHA as a dynamic, multifunctional center in the central regulation of metabolism. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may offer new therapeutic avenues for addressing obesity and related metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T07:31:57Z","timestamp":1751959917000},"page":"1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Integrated Function of the Lateral Hypothalamus in Energy Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiangtong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8867-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819975-6.00031-5","article-title":"History of hypothalamic research: The spring of primitive existence","volume":"Volume 179","author":"Kreier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(88)90075-5","article-title":"The History of Thought Concerning Hypothalamus and its Functions","volume":"20","author":"Brooks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res. 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